Te mahi a ngā pūnaha tohatoha pūngao waiariki
He pūtake pūngao hou te pūngao waiariki e whakamahi ana i te wera taiao mai i roto i te whenua. He tokomaha e mōhio ana ki te pūngao waiariki ko te "hiko mai i te whenua," engari kei muri i tēnei he raupapa roa o ngā tukanga hangarau—mai i te tūhuratanga, te whakaputa, te hurihanga hei hiko, hei wera rānei, ā, hei whakamutunga, te tohatoha ki ngā kaiwhakamahi. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga te mahi a ngā pūnaha tohatoha pūngao waiariki: me pēhea te tae atu o te pūngao mai i ngā puna waiariki ki ngā kāinga, ki ngā ahumahi, me ngā whare tūmatanui i runga i te haumaru, te pumau, me te whai hua.
1. Mai i te pūngao waiariki ki te pūngao whai hua
Ka rongoatia te wera waiariki i roto i ngā puna waiariki, arā, he rohe toka pūwero, pakaru rānei kei roto ngā wai (wai wera me/te mamaoa rānei) i ngā pāmahana teitei. Ko te tikanga, e rau ki te mano mita te hohonu o ēnei puna waiariki. Hei whakamahi i ēnei puna waiariki, ka keri ngā kamupene waiariki kia puta mai ai ngā wai wera ki te mata mā roto i ngā puna whakaputa.
Heoi, he mea nui kia mārama ko te "tohatoha" o te pūngao waiariki ehara i te mea ko te tuku i te mamaoa, i te wai wera rānei ki ngā kāinga. I roto i te maha o ngā whenua, tae atu ki Initonīhia, ko te whakamahinga tino noa ko te whakaputa hiko i ngā tipu hiko waiariki (PLTP). Kia puta te hiko, ka tohatohahia mā te pūnaha hiko ā-motu (whatunga tuku me te tohatoha). I ētahi rohe (hei tauira, i Ūropi, i Amerika Te Raki rānei), ka whakamahia hoki te pūngao waiariki hei wera tika mā roto i ngā whatunga whakamahana rohe, ka tukuna te wai wera ki ngā kiritaki mā roto i ngā paipa whakamahana.
Nō reira, ka taea te wehewehe i te pūnaha tohatoha pūngao geothermal ki ngā rārangi matua e rua:
1) Te tohatoha hiko (te mea tino noa): te waiariki → te hiko i roto i ngā tipu hiko waiariki → te whatunga tuku → te whatunga tohatoha → ngā kiritaki.
2) Tohatoha wera (whakamahinga tika): waiariki → whakawhiti wera → whatunga paipa wera → kiritaki (whare/whare/umanga).
2. Ngā wāhanga matua o te mekameka tuku waiariki
Hei whakamārama, anei ngā wāhanga e kitea ana i te nuinga o te wā mai i te taha whakarunga ki te taha whakararo:
– Pūtake waiariki: te pūtake o te wera me te wai.
– Te puna whakaputa: ka rere te wai wera ki te mata.
– Pūnaha kohikohi: he whatunga paipa mai i ētahi puna ki tētahi whare tukatuka, ki tētahi whare whakaputa rānei.
– Tāke wehewehe/tāke mura, whakawhiti wera rānei: ka wehe i te mamaoa, ka whakawhiti wera rānei (i runga i te momo hangarau).
– Ngā tāpine me ngā whakaputa hiko (mō te whakaputa hiko): hurihia te pūngao mamaoa hei pūngao miihini, kātahi hei pūngao hiko.
– Pūnaha whakamātao me te pūnaha whakamatao: ka whakamatao i te mamaoa mai i te tāpine kia huri anō hei wai.
– Te puna weronga: ka whakahokia te wai ki te puna wai hei pupuri i te haere tonu me te pēhanga.
– Teihana whakawhiti hiko (pānga whakawhiti hiko/teihana whakawhiti hiko): ka whakanui ake i te ngaohiko o te hiko mai i te whakaputa hiko kia taea ai te tuku pai.
– Whatunga tuku: ka tuku hiko ngaohiko teitei ki ngā tawhiti roa.
– Whatunga tohatoha: ka whakaiti i te ngaohiko, ka tohatoha atu ki ngā kiritaki.
– Ngā pūnaha whakahaere me te tiaki: SCADA, ngā tānga tiaki, ngā whati ara iahiko, te ine i te kounga hiko.
3. Te mahi a te tohatoha hiko i roto i te kaupapa whakaputa hiko (PLTP)
a) Te whakaputa me te kohikohi i ngā wai
Ka rere te wai wera mai i ētahi puna whakaputa mā roto i tētahi paipa kohikohi ki te tipu hiko. I tēnei wā, he mea nui te hoahoa o ngā paipa nā te mea ka waikura te wai, ka rewa ngā kohuke, ka teitei te pēhanga me te pāmahana. Hei whakaiti i te ngaronga wera me te pupuri i te pumau o te rere, ka hangaia te paipa ki ngā rauemi me te whakamarumaru e tika ana, ā, he rite tonu ki ngā takirere haumaru.
b) Te hurihanga wera ki te hiko: e toru ngā hangarau noa
1. Korohū maroke: ka hurihia tika te tāpine e te korohū maroke.
2. Te mamaoa tere: ka "whakamamaetia" te wai wera pēhanga hei mamaoa ina whakaitihia tōna pēhanga i roto i te wehewehe. Ka hurihia e te mamaoa te tāpine, ā, ka taea te werohanga anō i te toenga o te wai.
3. Huringa rua: Ka whakawhitia te wera mai i te wai wera whenua ki tētahi wai mahi tuarua (hei tauira, te isobutane) mā roto i tētahi whakawhiti wera. Ka mimiti te wai tuarua ka huri i te tāpine. Ngā painga: he iti ake ngā tukunga, ā, he pai mō ngā pāmahana taurite o te puna wai.
I muri i te hurihanga o te pūkaha hiko e te tāpine, ka puta te hiko i te ngaohiko reo-waenga (i te nuinga o te wā he torutoru kV ki te tekau kV, i runga i te hoahoa o te tipu). Kāore anō kia whai hua tēnei hiko mō te tuku hiko tawhiti, nō reira me mahi anō i tētahi atu taahiraa.
c) Te papa whakawhiti me te whakawhiti hiko: te tīmatanga o te tohatoha
I roto i te papa whakawhiti hiko, ka haere te hiko mai i te pūkaha hiko mā roto i tētahi pūnaha tiaki me te ine, kātahi ka tomo ki tētahi whakawhiti hiko-whakapiki hei whakanui ake i te ngaohiko ki tētahi ngaohiko teitei ake (hei tauira, 70 kV, 150 kV, 275 kV, 500 kV rānei). He māmā noa te kaupapa: ko te teitei ake o te ngaohiko, ko te iti iho o te iahiko mō te mana kotahi, ka iti ake ngā mate (I²R) i roto i ngā raina tuku hiko.
d) Tuku: te tuku hiko mai i ngā wāhi waiariki ki ngā pokapū kawenga
He maha ngā papa waiariki kei ngā wāhi maunga e tawhiti ana i ngā tāone, ā, ko te whatunga tuku te poutokomanawa o te tohatoha. Ko ngā wero matua i tēnei wā ko:
– He uaua te āhua o te whenua (te urunga ki te pourewa tuku, te mōrearea o te horo whenua).
– Te pono i roto i ngā āhuatanga kino o te rangi.
– Te whakaritenga tiaki kia kore ai e tineia he wāhi whānui e te raruraru i tētahi wāhi.
Ka whakahaerehia te pūnaha tuku hiko i runga i tētahi whatunga hiko, e tuku ana i te hiko mai i ngā tipu hiko waiariki kia rere ki ngā wāhi e hiahiatia ana, kaua ki te rohe tata anake. Ka aroturukihia e ngā pokapū tuku hiko te auau, te ngaohiko, me te rere o te hiko hei pupuri i te pumau o te pūnaha.
e) Te tohatoha: mai i te teihana hiko ki ngā kiritaki
I te taha o ngā pokapū kai, ka tomo te hiko ki tētahi teihana hiko whakaheke-iho. Ka whakaitihia te ngaohiko ki te taumata tohatoha waenga (hei tauira, 20 kV, 13,8 kV rānei) kātahi ka tohatohahia mā te whatunga tohatoha. I te taha o ngā wāhi noho, ka whakaitihia e ngā whakawhiti tohatoha ki te ngaohiko iti iho (hei tauira, 220/380 V) mō ngā kāinga me ngā pakihi iti, ka pupuri rānei i te taumata waenga mō ētahi kiritaki ahumahi.
Nō reira, ko te "tohatoha pūngao waiariki" i roto i ngā kaupapa hiko he rite tonu ki ētahi atu tipu hiko: ina hurihia hei hiko, ka whai i te hanganga whatunga. Ko ngā rerekētanga kei roto i te tukanga whakarunga (te whakaputa waiariki) me te āhua o ngā mahi a te tipu.
4. Kaupapa whakamahinga wera tohatoha tika
I ētahi wāhi, ka whakamahia hoki te pūngao waiariki mō te whakamahana wāhi, te wai wera o te whare, te whakamaroke ahuwhenua, ngā whare kati kōtuhi, tae atu ki ngā tukanga ahumahi. Ko te kaupapa e whai ake nei:
1. Ka rere te wai wera mai i te puna whakaputa ki te mata o te whare.
2. Ka whakawhitia te wera mā roto i tētahi whakawhiti wera ki te wai ma (porowhita kati) hei pupuri i te kounga o te wai a te kiritaki, hei whakaiti hoki i te tūponotanga o te waikura/te unahi.
3. Ka tohatohahia te wai wera ma mā roto i ngā paipa kua whakamahanatia ki ngā kiritaki (ngā kāinga/ngā whare/ngā umanga).
4. I muri i te whakamahinga o te wera, ka whakahokia te wai whakahoki ki waenganui kia whakamahanatia anō, ko te wai wera whenua ka werohia anō ki roto i te puna.
Ko te painga o tēnei tauira ko te tino whai hua o te pūngao nā te mea ka karohia te huri i te wera ki te hiko. Heoi, he iti noa te tawhiti o tōna tohatoha nā te mea ka piki haere ngā utu paipa me te ngaronga wera i te tawhiti.
5. Pūnaha werohanga: he wāhanga nui o te oranga tonutanga
Ko tētahi o ngā tohu o te mekameka pūngao waiariki ko te noho mai o ngā puna werohanga. I muri i te haerenga o te mamaoa i roto i te tāpine me te whakapūmau, i muri rānei i te tangohanga o te wera i roto i te whakawhiti wera, ka whakahokia te wai ki te whenua. He āwhina te werohanga:
– Kia mau tonu te pēhanga o te puna wai kia pumau ai te whakaputanga.
– Ka whakaiti i te totohu o te whenua.
– Whakaitihia te rerenga wai ki te taiao.
Me āta hoahoa te whakatakotoranga o ngā poka werohanga kia kore ai e tere rawa te whakamatao i te wāhi whakaputa (te pakarutanga wera) ā, kia kore ai hoki e whakararuraru i ngā mahi.
6. Te whakahaere pūngao, te tiaki me te kounga
Hei whakarite i te tohatoha pono, kua rite te pūnaha waiariki ki:
– Mā te SCADA me te DCS e aroturuki te pāmahana, te pēhanga, te tere rere, te wiri o te tāpine, me te tūnga o ngā taputapu hiko.
– Te tārai tiaki hei kite i te ara iahiko poto, te hapa whenua, te auau nui/iti, te ngaohiko nui/iti.
– Mana whakahaere tauhohenga (mana whakahaere whakaoho hiko, tauhohenga, whakaputa hiko rānei) hei pupuri i te pumau o te ngaohiko.
– Te whakahaere i te kawenga kia rite ai te putanga o te miihini whakaputa ki ngā whakaritenga o te whatunga hiko.
He maha ngā wā ka mahi ngā tipu hiko waiariki hei whakaputa hiko pumau (pūmau) nā te mea e wātea ana te hiko waiariki i ngā wā katoa. Ka whai wāhi tēnei ki te pumau o te pūnaha tohatoha, inā koa ka honoa ki ngā tipu hiko wā-poto pēnei i te rā me te hau.
7. Ngā wero o te tohatoha pūngao waiariki
Ahakoa he pono, kei reira tonu ētahi wero:
– Nā te tūnga tawhiti o te tipu hiko, he nui te utu mō te hanganga o te tuku hiko, ā, me whai whakaaetanga whenua anō hoki.
– Ka taea e ngā waiariki te whakapūmau i te waikura/te unahi i runga i ngā paipa me ngā taputapu mata.
– Me aroturuki me te whakahaere i ngā mōrearea whenua (hei tauira, ngā mahi rū whenua moroiti e pā ana ki te werohanga).
– Me whai rangahau pumau me te taunga tiaki pai mō te whakaurunga ki te whatunga.
Whakamutunga
Ko te mahi a te pūnaha tohatoha pūngao waiariki e whakawhirinaki ana ki te āhua o te tukunga o te pūngao. Ina whakamahia mō te whakaputa hiko, ka hurihia te pūngao waiariki hei hiko i te tipu hiko waiariki (PLTP), kātahi ka tohatohahia mā roto i ngā papa whakawhiti, ngā whakawhiti hiko, ngā raina tuku hiko, me ngā raina tohatoha ki ngā kiritaki. Ina whakamahia mō te wera tika, ka tohatohahia te pūngao waiariki mā roto i tētahi whatunga paipa whakamahana me ngā whakawhiti wera me te tohanga kati. E rua ngā mea e hiahiatia ana he hoahoa hangarau pakari, he pūnaha whakahaere me te tiaki pono, me ngā mahi werohanga hei pupuri i te pumau o te puna wai. Mā te whakahaere tika, ka taea e te pūngao waiariki te noho hei pou tuara mō te tuku pūngao ma e pumau ana, e pono ana hoki.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i ngā whakaahua tūtohi rere, te waihanga rānei i tētahi putanga o te tuhinga e aro nui ana ki te horopaki o Initonīhia (PLTP, whatunga tuku hiko PLN, me ngā tauira o te mara waiariki).
