Kaplan Turbine: Te Otinga Pai rawa atu mō te Rere Wai Tere-iti
I roto i te ao whakaputa hiko wai (PLTA), ehara i te mea he awa tere te rere, he teitei rānei ngā pari wai i ngā wāhi katoa. He maha ngā rohe he puhoi te rere o te wai, engari he nui, he pumau hoki te rere o te wai puta noa i te tau. I roto i ēnei āhuatanga ka tino rongonui te Kaplan Turbine. E mōhiotia ana tēnei turbine ko tētahi o ngā hangarau tino whai hua mō te whakamahi i te rere wai tere-iti me ngā pari wai iti ki waenga, ā, he pai mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā rohe maha, tae atu ki ngā awa whenua papaku me ngā awa whakamakuku.
Te Mōhio ki te Kaplan Turbine
Ko te tāpine Kaplan he momo tāpine tauhohenga e mahi ana mā te whakamahi i ngā panonitanga o te pēhanga wai me te tere rere hei huri i te wira tāpine. I whakawhanakehia tuatahitia tēnei tāpine e Viktor Kaplan i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20. Ko te painga matua o te hoahoa Kaplan kei roto i te āhua rite ki te poroporo o te tāpine me te koki mata ka taea te whakarerekē. Mā te kaha ki te whakarerekē i te koki mata ka taea e te tāpine te pupuri i te pai o te mahi ahakoa te rere o te wai.
I te nuinga o te wā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā tāpine Kaplan i roto i ngā tipu hiko wai me ngā pane iti (tata ki te 2–30 mita) me ngā tukunga nui. Kāore i rite ki ngā tāpine Pelton, e tika ana mō ngā pane teitei, ki ngā tāpine Francis rānei, he ngāwari ake mō ngā pane waenga, kua "whakatauria" ngā tāpine Kaplan ki te whakanui ake i te pūmanawa pūngao i roto i ngā rerenga iti ake te tere.
Te Mātāpono Mahi o te Kaplan Turbine
Ka tīmata te kaupapa mahi a te Kaplan Turbine ina rere te wai ki roto i te whare turbine mā te penstock, te awaawa whakauru rānei. Kātahi ka haere te wai mā roto i ngā kuaha wicket (ngā vane ārahi), e whakahaere ana i te tere rere me te arahi i te rere ki te koki tika. Kātahi ka pā te wai ki te kaikawe, ka huri.
Ko te mea e wehewehe ana i te Kaplan mai i te tāpine poroporo noa ko te noho mai o ngā tikanga whakahaere e rua:
1. Tautuhinga o te keti wīkete: ka whakahaere i te nui o te wai e tomo ana.
2. Te whakarerekē i te koki o te mata o te kaikawe: te whakarerekē i te koki o te mata kia tino pai mō te ahunga rere.
Ko tēnei huinga, e mōhiotia ana ko te whakahaere takirua, ka tino pai ake ai te Kaplan Turbine ina rerekē te rerenga wai o te awa nā runga i ngā āhuatanga o te wā, o ngā āhuatanga whakahaere rānei.
I muri i te hurihuri i te oma, ka puta te wai mā roto i te ngongo mimiti. Ka āwhina te ngongo mimiti ki te whakahoki mai i ētahi o te kaha pēhanga, ā, ka whakanui ake i te whai huatanga whānui o te tāpine. Ka whakanuia e tēnei pūnaha te whakamahinga kaha wai ki te whakataurite ki ngā hoahoa kāore he whakaora pēhanga.
He aha i pai ai te Kaplan Turbine mō ngā Rere Tere-Papaku?
Ko te rere o te wai tere-iti e hono ana ki te iti o te tōpana. I te iti o te tōpana, kāore i te tino teitei te kaha o te wai, nō reira me whai pūnaha ka taea te whakaputa hiko nui mai i te nui o te wai (te tukunga). Kua hangaia te tāpine Kaplan mō tēnei.
Ko ētahi o ngā tino take e tino pai ai a Kaplan i roto i ēnei āhuatanga:
– He tino whai hua i te iti o te pane: Ka taea e Kaplan te whakatutuki i ngā whai huatanga teitei (he maha ngā wā >90% i ngā āhuatanga hoahoa) nā te mea ka whakaitihia e tōna hoahoa ngā ngaronga pūngao.
– Te tukunga pai rawa atu i te wā nui: ka nui ake te tukunga, ka nui ake te whai huatanga o te mahi a Kaplan, mena he tika te hoahoa o te hongere me te kaikawe.
– Ātete ki ngā rerekētanga kawenga: mā te tikanga whakahaere takirua ka āwhina i te tāpine kia pumau, kia whai hua hoki ina rerekē te tukunga.
Nō reira, mēnā he whānui te awa o tētahi wāhi, he rere tonu te wai, engari kāore he rerenga wai, he rerekētanga teitei rānei, ko Kaplan te otinga tino ohanga me te hangarau.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Kaplan Turbine
Hei mārama ki te mahi a Kaplan, he mea nui kia mōhio ki ōna wāhanga matua:
1. Pūrere (porowhita tāpoi)
Ko te tikanga, e 3 ki te 6 ngā mata, kei te rahi me ngā hiahia. Ka taea e ngā mata te huri i runga i tō rātou tuaka hei whakatika i te koki.
2. Keti wīkete / arataki vane
He rarangi o ngā vane ārahi e whakahaere ana i te rerenga mai o te wai, e tohutohu ana hoki i te wai ki te kaikawe.
3. Ngongo tauira
He hongere e whakaroa ana i te rere o te wai, e huri ai te pūngao nekeneke hei pūngao pēhanga, ā, ka piki ake te whai huatanga.
4. Pou
Te hono i te oma ki te whakaputa hiko. Ka taea te poutū, te whakapae rānei, ahakoa he nui ake te whakamahinga o te tauira poutū mō ngā kaha nui.
5. Ngā pūnaha whakahaere me te pūnaha whakatere
Ka whakahaere aunoa i te nekehanga o ngā mata o te kaikawe me te keti wicket i runga i te tukunga me te kawenga o te whakaputa hiko.
Ngā Painga o te Kaplan Turbine
E mōhiotia ana te tāpine Kaplan hei "toa" mō ētahi āhuatanga. Anei ētahi o ngā painga e pai ai te whiriwhiri:
– He tino whai hua i roto i te whānuitanga o te mahi
Nā te mea ka taea te whakarite i ngā mata o te kaikawe, ka noho tonu te whai huatanga o te tāpine i runga i ngā whānuitanga o ngā tere rere.
– He pai mō ngā tipu hiko nui me ngā tipu hiko wai iti
Ehara i te mea mō ngā tāhuna nui anake a Kaplan; ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā putanga iti ake ki ngā awa whakamakuku wai, ki ngā keti para wai rānei.
– Te urupare tere ki ngā huringa kawenga
Mā te pūnaha whakahaere ka taea e te tāpine te urutau ki ngā huringa o te hiahia hiko i runga i te āhua pumau.
– He pai ake ki ngā rerenga iti
Ki te whakaritea ki ētahi atu tāpine, he nui ake te pūngao e "whakapūmau"hia ana e te Kaplan mai i te wai kāore i te tere te rere.
Ngā Wero me ngā Huakore
Ahakoa ōna painga, he maha ngā wero o te Kaplan Turbine:
– He nui ngā utu tīmatanga
Nā te mea he uaua ake te tikanga whakarite mata me te pūnaha whakahaere.
– He uaua ake te tiaki
Ko ngā wāhanga nekeneke e hiahiatia ana he tirotiro auau, he whakahinuhinu, he whakatikatika.
– Ka pāngia e te cavitation mēnā kāore i te tika te hoahoa/te whakahaere
I ngā pēhanga iti, ka taea e ngā mirumiru mamaoa te hanga me te kino i ngā mata o te mata. Nō reira, me āta whakaaro ki te hoahoa o ngā ngongo hiko me ngā tautuhinga whakahaere.
- Me whai kounga hanga teitei
Kia tika ai te neke o te mata, kia ātete hoki ki te waikura me te horo.
Heoi, mō ngā kaupapa he nui te tukunga me te iti o te upoko, he nui ake te whai huatanga me ngā hua o te whakaputa pūngao mō te wā roa i ngā utu tīmatanga teitei ake.
Ngā tono mō ngā tāhūhū Kaplan i te mara
E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā tāpine Kaplan i roto i:
– Te mana wai e rere ana i te awa (kāore he puna wai nui) i runga i ngā awa mania.
– He pāpū iti te pane engari he nui te rerenga.
– Kaupapa wai iti i roto i ngā awaawa whakamakuku.
– Ngā tipu hiko e tata ana ki ngā awaawa, ki ngā awaawa rānei, he pumau te rere o te wai.
I roto i te horopaki o Indonesia, he maha ngā awa nui me te whatunga whakamakuku whānui, he nui te pūmanawa mō te tono o ngā tāpine Kaplan, inā koa mō te whakakaha hiko o ngā wāhi tūmatanui me te wai iti e whakamahi ana i ngā rerenga iti engari pumau.
Whakamutunga
He otinga tino pai ngā tāpine Kaplan mō ngā rerenga wai tere-iti, inā koa i roto i ngā pūnaha he iti ki te waenga ngā pane me ngā tukunga teitei. Mā te hoahoa oma whakarerekē me te tikanga whakahaere rua, ka taea e ngā tāpine Kaplan te pupuri i te whai huatanga teitei puta noa i te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga whakahaere. Ahakoa he nui ake ngā utu hanga me te tiaki i ētahi atu momo tāpine, he maha ngā wā ka whai hua te haumi nā te mea he pai te mahi mō te wā roa.
Hei whakamutunga, ehara te whiriwhiri i ngā tāpine wai mō te hiko wai i te huarahi kotahi mō te katoa; me whai whakaaro ki te upoko, te tukunga wai, ngā rerekētanga o te wā, me ngā whakaritenga hiko. Heoi, ina wātea he rere wai ngawari engari he nui, ko te Kaplan Turbine te otinga tino arorau me te whai hua.
