Ngā Momo Kūaha me ngā Takirere mō te Whakahaere Rere Wai i roto i ngā Whare Hiko Wai
He māmā noa te kaupapa o ngā tipu hiko wai (PLTA) engari me tino tika te whakahaere: ka hurihia te kaha pūmanawa o te wai hei kaha miihini i roto i te tāpine, kātahi ka huri hei kaha hiko mā te whakaputa hiko. Kei muri i tēnei tukanga he pūnaha whakahaere rere wai matatini hei whakarite i te mahi haumaru, pumau, whai hua, me te ngāwari ki te tiaki. E rua ngā wāhanga matua o tēnei pūnaha ko ngā kēti me ngā takirere. Ko te mahi a ēnei e rua he whakahaere, he wehe, he tiaki hoki i te rere o te wai i ngā wāhi rerekē—mai i te tomokanga me te pene ki te rohe tāpine. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga ngā momo kēti me ngā takirere e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā tipu hiko wai, me ō rātou mahi me ō rātou āhuatanga.
Te Tūranga o ngā Keti me ngā Takirere i roto i ngā Whare Hiko Wai
I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahia ngā kēti hei "tatau" i roto i ngā awaawa nui, i ngā whakatuwheratanga rānei, inā koa mō ngā tere rere nui me ētahi āhuatanga o te pane. He maha ngā wā ka kitea ngā kēti i roto i ngā hanganga ā-iwi pērā i ngā whakaurunga wai, ngā awaawa maringi, me ngā awaawa waikeri. I taua wā, he maha ake ngā takirere i roto i ngā pūnaha paipa pēhanga (hei tauira, ngā pene rakau, ngā ara taha, ngā waikeri, ngā pūnaha whakamatao rānei) ā, kua hangaia kia tū atu ki ngā pēhanga teitei me te whakarato i ngā āheinga whakahaere pai, te wehe rānei.
Ko ngā mahi matua a ngā kēti me ngā takirere i roto i ngā tipu hiko wai ko:
1. Te wehewehe i te rere: te tapahi i te rere i te wā tirotiro, tiaki, āhuatanga ohorere rānei.
2. Whakahaere tukunga: whakahaere i te nui o te rere ki te tāpine, ki te pūnaha āwhina rānei.
3. Te tiaki i ngā taputapu: te ārai i te hama wai, te whakawhāiti i te pēhanga, me te whakapūmau i ngā tāpine me ngā pene i ngā wā rerekē.
4. Mahi ohorere: ka taea te kati tere hei tiaki i te pūnaha.
Ngā Momo Kūaha (Ngā Kūaha Wai) i roto i ngā Whare Hiko Wai
1. Keti Paheke (Keti Paheke)
He tatau reti poutū te kuaha reti e neke ana ki runga, ki raro hoki hei whakatuwhera, hei kati rānei i te rere. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o tēnei momo i roto i ngā whakaurunga wai, i ngā awaawa, i ngā awa waikeri/horoi rānei. Ko ōna painga ko te hanga ngāwari, te utu iti, me te pai mō ngā whakatuwheratanga nui. Ka taea te whakahaere ā-ringa, hiko, waipēhi rānei i ngā kuaha reti, i runga i te rahi me ngā whakaritenga.
Ngā whakamahinga noa: te awa whakauru, te awa rerenga paru, te awa karo.
2. Keti Pūtoro (Keti Tainter)
He āhua piko ngā kēti porowhita me ngā taura, kia pai ake ai te tohatoha o te kaha wai. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ēnei kēti i roto i ngā tāhuna me ngā awa waipara nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakahaere i ngā tukunga wai nui me te iti ake o te kaha i ngā kēti reti nui. Ka taea hoki e ngā kēti porowhita te whakahaere tere i ngā taumata wai o ngā puna wai.
Ngā whakamahinga noa: ngā keti o te rerenga wai, ngā putanga wai i ngā tāpae, ngā kaiwhakahaere taumata wai.
3. Kēti Wira Pūmau
He momo kēti reti tēnei, engari he wira kei te taha o te tatau, e whakaiti ana i te waku i te wā e tuwhera ana, e kati ana hoki. Ka whakamahia ngā kēti wira pumau mō ngā tatau nui, ina nui rawa rānei te waku o te kēti reti noa i te pēhanga wai nui.
Ngā whakamahinga noa: ngā pūwero nui, ngā putanga pēhanga, ngā tatau ratonga i runga i ngā hanganga pūwero.
4. Keti Roera
Ka whakamahia e ngā kēti roera ngā roera porotaka hei tautoko i te kawenga me te whakahaere i te nekehanga o ngā tatau. Ki te whakaritea ki ngā kēti wira pumau, he pai ngā kēti roera mō ngā tatau tino nui me ngā kawenga taumaha. Heoi anō, he nui ake te uaua o te mahi miihini me ngā whakaritenga tiaki e hiahiatia ana.
Ngā whakamahinga noa: ngā awaawa me ngā putanga wai nui, ngā kēti i runga i ngā tāhuna he nui te rerenga wai.
5. Keti Whakakī
Ko ngā kēti taupoki he āhua tatau hono e tuwhera ana nā te pēhanga rere kotahi te ara, ā, ka kati ina hoki te rere whakamuri. I roto i te horopaki o ngā tipu hiko wai, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā kēti taupoki ki roto i ngā pūnaha waikeri, ngā waikeri, ngā putanga motuhake rānei hei ārai i te rere whakamuri ka whakararuraru i ngā mahi, ka waipuke rānei i ngā wāhi motuhake.
Ngā whakamahinga noa: ngā waikeri, ngā putanga wai whakahoki, ngā pūnaha ārai waipuke ā-rohe.
6. Te Tūnga me te Kūaha Pupuri
He rerekē ngā kēti e whakahaerehia ana i ngā wā katoa, he taputapu kati ngā poroporo aukati me ngā kēti ārai mō te wā poto. He poraka ngā poroporo aukati kua whakaritea ki runga i ngā rēra hei kati i ngā whakatuwheratanga, ko ngā kēti ārai he tatau kotahi, nui kua hangaia hei wehe i te wā tirotiro me te tiaki. He mea nui ēnei wāhanga mō te haumaru i te wā e tiaki ana i te whakaurunga, i te penihana rānei.
Ngā whakamahinga noa: te wehenga o te pūwero, te wehenga o ngā paipa i mua i te mahi tiaki.
Ngā momo takirere i roto i ngā tipu hiko wai
1. Takirere Pūrerehua
Ka whakamahia e ngā takirere pūrerehua he kōpae hurihuri hei whakatuwhera/kati i te rere. He rongonui ēnei takirere nā te mea he iti te hoahoa, he mama ake te taumaha, ā, he pai mō ngā diameter nui. I roto i ngā tipu hiko wai, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā takirere pūrerehua hei takirere whakauru matua (MIV) i runga i ētahi waeine, inā koa mō ngā pane waenga, hei takirere wehe rānei i runga i ngā raina karo me ngā pūnaha āwhina.
Ko te ngoikoretanga matua ko te mea i roto i ngā tono pēhanga tino tiketike, me tino pono te hoahoa me te hiri kia kore ai e turuturu me te wiri.
Ngā whakamahinga noa: te penestock ki te tāpine (i runga i te hoahoa), ngā pūnaha whakamatao, ngā paipa waikeri me ngā ara taha.
2. Takirere Porowhita (Takirere Pōro mō ngā Whare Hiko Wai)
I roto i te horopaki o te hiko wai, ko te kupu takirere porowhita e pā ana ki tētahi takirere pōro nui i hangaia mō te pēhanga teitei me ngā tere rere teitei. He tino pai ngā āhuatanga hiri o ēnei takirere, ā, he pai mō ngā whakaritenga wehenga pane-teitei. He mea whakamahi noa ngā takirere porowhita hei MIV i roto i ngā tipu hiko pēhanga-teitei, hei whakarato i te haumaru tāpiri ina hiahiatia te wehe i ngā waeine tāpine.
Ngā whakamahinga noa: te tāpine whakauru matua i te pane teitei, te pūnaha hiko matua.
3. Takirere ngira
Ka whakamahia e ngā takirere ngira he "ngira" koi, he mono rānei hei whakahaere pai i te rere. I roto i ngā tipu hiko wai, ka whakamahia pinepine ngā takirere ngira ki ngā pūnaha tahataha, ki te whakahaere rere o te waikeri, ki ngā pūnaha whakaiti pēhanga motuhake rānei. Ko tō rātou painga matua ko tō rātou kaha ki te whakahaere tika i te rere, ahakoa i ngā tere rere iti ki te reo, ā, he pai hoki mō te whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā ngaru pēhanga.
Ngā whakamahinga noa: te karo penstock, te whakakī/te tukunga pehanga, ngā pūnaha whakahaere rere tika.
4. Tārere Kūaha (Tārere Kūaha mō te Paipa)
Haunga ngā kēti hei kēti wai ā-iwi, kei roto anō hoki ngā takirere kēti i ngā pūnaha paipa pēhanga. He pai ēnei takirere mō ngā mahi whakaweto/whakaweto (wehewehe) nā te mea ina tuwhera katoa, he iti noa te ātete ki te rere. Heoi, kāore ngā takirere kēti i te pai mō te whakawhāiti (ngā tautuhinga haurua-tuwhera) nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakahoro me te wiri.
Ngā whakamahinga noa: te wehewehe i ngā paipa āwhina, ngā waikeri, me ngā paipa ratonga.
5. Takirere Ao
He tino pai ngā takirere porowhita mō te whakahaere rere (whakatere) nā te mea he māmā ake te whakahaere i ō rātou āhuatanga rere i ngā takirere kuaha. Heoi, he nui ake te hekenga pēhanga. I roto i ngā tipu hiko wai, ka kitea ngā takirere porowhita i roto i ngā pūnaha taputapu, ngā raina whakamatao, te whakahinuhinu, me ngā pūnaha hau/waipēhi e tautoko ana i te mahi a te tāpine-hangarau.
Ngā whakamahinga noa: te whakahaere rere o te pūnaha āwhina, ngā raina whakamatao, ngā pūnaha whakahinuhinu.
6. Takirere Ārai (Takirere Kore-Hoki)
Ka āraihia e ngā takirere tirotiro te rere whakamuri ka kino pea ngā papu, ka whakararuraru i te pumau o te pūnaha, ka puta rānei te pēhanga whakamuri ki ngā taputapu. I roto i ngā tipu hiko wai, he mea nui ngā takirere tirotiro mō ngā pūnaha papu rerenga wai, ngā pūnaha wai whakamatao, me ētahi raina e pā ana ki te mahi tāpine.
Ngā whakamahinga noa: ngā pūnaha papu, te wai whakamatao, ngā paipa rerenga wai, ngā pūnaha whakakī.
7. Takirere Whakaora Pēhanga me te Takirere Hau
Kei te tūpono ngā tipu hiko wai i te hama wai me ngā rerekētanga pēhanga. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka tāutahia ngā takirere whakamāmā pēhanga hei whakaiti i te pēhanga nui, me ngā takirere hau (ngā takirere tuku hau/korehau) hei tuku i te hau kua mau, hei ārai rānei i te korehau ka kino pea ngā paipa. Ahakoa ehara i te mea he "takirere matua" tonu, he mea nui ēnei takirere mō te haumaru o te pūnaha paipa.
Ngā whakamahinga noa: te tiakitanga penstock, ngā pūwāhi teitei o ngā paipa, ngā pūnaha haumaru pehanga.
Ngā Whakaaro mō te Kōwhiringa o te Kēti me te Takirere
Kāore e taea te whakawhanui i te kōwhiringa o ngā momo kēti me ngā momo takirere nā te mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te tipu hiko wai, tae atu ki:
– Teitei o te hinganga o te wai me te pēhanga whakahaere
– Te hoahoa tukunga me te diameter o te awa/paipa
– Ngā whakaritenga whakahaere: me wehe noa iho, me whakahaere tika rānei te rere
– Te tere kati me te mōrearea o te ngaru/hama wai
– Ngā āhuatanga o te paru me ngā para (ngā manga, ngā para, te onepu)
– Te pono o te hiri me te ngāwari o te tirotiro me te tiaki
– Pūnaha taraiwa: ā-ringa, hiko, waipēhi, whakakotahitanga rānei
Hei tauira, mō ngā pane teitei me ngā whakaritenga wehenga tino haumaru, he pai ake ngā takirere porowhita i ngā takirere pūrerehua. Heoi, mō ngā diameter nui me te iti o te wāhi me ngā whakaritenga wehenga ōhanga, he otinga whai hua pea ngā takirere pūrerehua.
Te Katinga
He mea nui ngā kēti me ngā takirere hei whakahaere i te rere o te wai i roto i ngā tipu hiko wai, i roto i ngā hanganga ā-iwi pēnei i ngā puna wai me ngā awa turuturu, tae atu ki ngā pūnaha paipa pēhanga pēnei i ngā pene rakau me ngā raina āwhina. He mea nui ngā kēti pahekeheke, ngā kēti porowhita, ngā kēti wira pumau, me ngā rākau aukati ki te whakahaere i ngā whakatuwheratanga nui me te whakahaere i te wai puna. I taua wā, ko ngā takirere pūrerehua, ngā takirere porowhita, ngā takirere ngira, ngā takirere porowhita, me ngā takirere tiaki maha ka whakarite i te rere haumaru, pumau, me te pumau ki ngā tāpine i raro i te pēhanga.
Mā te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o ia momo keti me te takirere, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere hiko wai me ngā kaihoahoa te whakatau i ngā taputapu tino tika hei tautoko i te whai huatanga o te whakaputanga hiko, hei whakaiti i te mōrearea o te kino, me te whakapai ake i te haumaru me te pono o te mahi mō te wā roa.
