Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Pūnaha Whakaputa Hiko me tana Mahi i roto i te Whare Hiko Wai
Ka whakamahia e te tipu hiko wai (PLTA) te kaha pūmanawa me te kaha nekeneke o te wai hei whakaputa hiko. Ko tētahi o ngā wāhanga tino nui o tēnei pūnaha ko te pūkaha hiko, he mīhini e huri ana i te kaha miihini mai i te hurihanga o te tāpine hei kaha hiko mā te kaupapa o te whakapūngao hikohiko. Hei whakarite i te huringa kaha whai hua, he maha ngā wāhanga matua o te pūkaha hiko wai e mahi tahi ana. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ēnei wāhanga, ā, ka whakamāramahia te mahi a te pūkaha hiko i roto i te horopaki o te tipu hiko wai.
He Tirohanga Poto mō te Pūnaha Hiko Wai
I mua i te ruku hohonu ki te wāhanga whakaputa hiko, he mea nui kia mārama ki te rere o te pūngao i roto i te tipu hiko wai. Ka rere te wai mai i te puna wai, i te pā rānei mā roto i te pene rakau ki te tāpine. Mā te pēhanga me te tere rere o te wai ka huri te tāpine. Ka tukuna te hurihanga o te tāpine ki tētahi pou e hono tika ana ki te whakaputa hiko. Kātahi ka whakaputa hiko te whakaputa hiko, ka whakanuia te ngaohiko mā roto i tētahi whakawhiti hiko, ka tohatoha ki te whatunga tuku hiko.
Ko te arotahi matua o tēnei tuhinga ko te wāhanga o te huringa pūngao mai i te pūngao miihini ki te pūngao hiko, arā, i roto i te whakaputa hiko.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o ngā Pūkaha: Te Whakaoho Hikohiko
Ka mahi ngā whakaputa hiko i runga i te Ture a Faraday, e kī ana ko te panonitanga o te rerenga aukume i roto i te kaiārahi ka puta he kaha hiko (EMF). I roto i te whakaputa hiko, ka hangaia tēnei panonitanga o te rerenga aukume e te nekehanga whanaunga i waenga i te papa aukume me ngā koiri kaiārahi. I te hurihuri o te rotor, ka hurihuri te papa aukume e pā ana ki ngā koiri stator, ka hangaia he ngaohiko puta noa i ngā koiri. Kātahi ka puta he iahiko hiko mai i tēnei ngaohiko ina honoa ki tētahi pūnaha kawenga, ki tētahi pūnaha whatunga rānei.
I roto i ngā tipu hiko wai, ko te pūkaha hiko e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te pūkaha hiko tukutahi-wāhanga-toru nā te mea he pai mō te mana nui, pumau, me te tino whai hua.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o ngā Pūnaha Whakaputa Hiko i roto i ngā Whare Hiko Wai
1. Pūmau (Wāhanga Tūmau)
Ko te stator te wāhanga kore-hurihuri o te whakaputa hiko. Koinei te wāhi e whakaputahia ai te ngaohiko matua. Ko ngā mea kei roto i te stator:
– Anga pūmau: he hanganga ā-ringa e tautoko ana i ngā wāhanga o roto.
– Matua stator: he mea hanga ki ngā whakakikorua maitai silicon hei whakaiti i ngā ngaronga o te ia hurihuri. He pepa angiangi ngā whakakikorua kua whakarārangihia hei wawahi i te ara o te ia hurihuri.
– Te takai pūmau: he pōkai waea kawe hiko (he parahi te nuinga) e whakanohoia ana ki roto i ngā mokowā o te matua pūmau. He mea hanga tēnei pōkai hei whakaputa putanga wāhanga-toru.
Ko te stator te "wāhi" e puta ai te pūngao hiko, nā te mea ka puta te ngaohiko whakaoho i roto i tana koiri.
2. Rotor (Wāhanga Hurihuri)
Ko te rotor te wāhanga o te pūkaha e hurihuri tahi ana me te pou tāpine. I roto i te pūkaha hiko wai tukutahi, ka whakaputahia e te rotor te papa aukume matua. E rua ngā momo rotor e kitea whānuitia ana:
– Te rotor pou whakarara: he mea noa i roto i ngā tipu hiko wai nā te mea he iti noa te tere o te hurihuri o ngā tāpine wai. He pou aukume kei tēnei momo rotor e pū ana, e tika ana mō ngā pou maha, e āhei ai te auau e hiahiatia ana i ngā tere iti.
– Rotorua porotaka (kāore e tino kitea): he mea noa ake i roto i ngā whakaputa wera tere-tiketike, engari ka taea hoki te whakamahi i raro i ētahi āhuatanga.
Kei te rotor anō hoki he takai āpure e tukuna ana ki te iahiko DC hei whakaputa i tētahi āpure aukume.
3. Pūnaha Whakaohooho
Kia puta ai he papa aukume i te rotor, me whai pūnaha whakaoho te kaihanga hiko e tuku ana i te iahiko DC ki ngā koiri rotor. He mea nui te pūnaha whakaoho nā te mea ka whakatau:
– te rahi o te ngaohiko putanga o te pūkaha whakaputa,
– te kaha o te whakaputa hiko ki te tuku, ki te mimiti rānei i te mana tauhohe (VAR),
– te pumau o te mahi ina rerekē te kawenga.
Ngā momo whakaohooho noa:
– He pūwhakaoho kore paraihe: he pono ake, he iti te tiaki, he whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā tipu hiko wai hou.
– He mea whakaohooho me te paraihe (paraihe/mowhiti paheke): he māmā ake engari me tiaki tonu nā te mea ka mirimiri ngā wāhanga e pā ana.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko te whakaohooho ka whakahaerehia e te AVR (Aunoa Pūngao Ngaohiko) hei pupuri i te pumau o te ngaohiko.
4. Te pou me te mamau
Ko te pou te hononga ā-mīhini i waenga i te tāpine me te hurihuri whakaputa hiko. I roto i ngā tipu hiko wai nui, me whai i te pou:
– he kaha nui ki te ārai i te takahuri,
– te ātete ki te wiri,
– he tika te whakarārangi kia kore ai e nui rawa te pakaru.
Mā te hononga (mēnā e whakamahia ana) ka hono te tāpine me te whakaputa hiko, ā, ka whakaiti i ngā pānga o ngā wiri, ngā hapa iti rānei.
5. Ngā peera
Ko te tere hurihuri teitei o te rotor me whai pūnaha whāriki hei pupuri i te pumau o te kakau me te whakaiti i te waku. E rua ngā momo whāriki matua:
– Te whāriki ārahi: ka pupuri i te tūranga o te rakau kia tika, ā, kāore e neke ki te taha.
– Te whāriki pana: e ātete ana i te kaha tuaka (pana) e puta mai ana i te kaha o te wai ki runga i te tāpine me te taumaha o te rotor.
Ko te whakahinuhinu peera (whakahinuhinu hinu) me ngā pūnaha whakamatao ka whakauruhia hei ārai i te wera nui.
6. Pūnaha Whakamatao o te Pūnaha Hanga
Ka mahi ngā miihini hiko wai i te putanga mana teitei, ka whakaputa i te wera mai i ngā mate hiko me ngā mate miihini. Hei pupuri i te whakamarumaru o te koiri me te pupuri i te pai o te mahi, me whakamatao, hei tauira:
– te whakamatao hau me te pā hau o roto,
– te whakamatao wai i roto i te whakawhiti wera,
– i ētahi waeine, ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha whakamatao matatini ake e ai ki te kaha.
Mā te pai o te whakamatao ka roa ake te ora o te ārai o te stator me te rotor.
7. Pūnaha Wehewehe me te Tiaki
Me whai pūnaha whakamarumaru kaha ngā koiri stator me te rotor e taea ai te tu atu i ngā ngaohiko teitei, ngā pāmahana, me te haumākū. Hei tāpiri, kua rite te whakaputa hiko ki ngā tikanga tiaki hei ārai i ngā kino, pēnei i:
– te tiakitanga o te ara iahiko poto me te iahiko nui,
– te tiaki i te pāmahana o te takai,
– te tiaki i te wiri,
– te tiaki i te hapa whenua,
– te ngaronga o te parenga whakaohooho.
Ko te tikanga, ka honoa ēnei pūnaha ki ngā papa whakahaere me ngā pūnaha SCADA.
8. Ngā Pūrua Putanga me te Whakawhiti Hiko-Whakarunga (Wāhanga e Pā Ana)
Ko te putanga o te pūkaha hiko kei te nuinga o te wā he ngaohiko reo-waenga (hei tauira, 6–20 kV, i runga i te hoahoa). Kātahi ka tukuna te hiko ki tētahi whakawhiti hiko whakaneke hei whakanui ake i te ngaohiko tuku (hei tauira, 70 kV, 150 kV, 275 kV, teitei ake rānei), hei whakaiti i ngā mate tuku.
Ahakoa ehara te whakawhiti hiko i te wāhanga o roto o te whakaputa hiko, he wāhanga nui ia o te mekameka tohatoha hiko wai.
Te Mahi a ngā Pūkaha Hiko i roto i ngā Whare Hiko Wai: Te Raupapa Tukanga
1. Ka hurihia te tāpine e te wai pēhanga
Ka hurihia te pūngao wai hei pūngao miihini i roto i te ahua o te hurihuri o te pou o te tāpine.
2. Ka hurihia e te pou tāpine te rotor o te whakaputa hiko.
Ka huri te rotor, he papa aukume tōna, i tētahi tere motuhake. Ka whakahaerehia tēnei tere kia rite ki te auau o te pūnaha (50 Hz i Initonīhia).
3. Ka "tapahia" e te papa aukume o te rotor ngā koiri stator
I te hurihuri o te rotor, ka rerekē te rerenga aukume e pā ana ki te tūranga o ngā koiri stator. Koinei te wāhi e puta ai te ngaohiko whakaoho i roto i ngā takai stator.
4. Ka puta te ngaohiko toru-wāhanga i ngā pito o te stator.
Nā te mea kua hangaia te koiri stator hei wāhanga-toru me te nekehanga hiko 120-tohu, ko te putanga o te whakaputa hiko he pūnaha AC wāhanga-toru pumau mō ngā kawenga nui.
5. Ka whakahaere te AVR i te whakaohooho kia mau tonu te ngaohiko
I te rerekētanga o te kawenga, ka hurihia e te AVR te ia whakaoho o te rotor kia mau tonu te ngaohiko putanga ki roto i te paerewa o te pūnaha.
6. Ka tohatohahia te mana hiko ki te whakawhiti hiko me te whatunga
Ka uru te putanga o te pūkaha hiko ki roto i tētahi whakawhiti hiko whakaneke, kātahi ka tukuna mā te whatunga tuku me te tohatoha ki ngā kaihoko.
Te Katinga
He taputapu matua te pūkaha hiko wai e huri ana i te pūngao miihini mai i te tāpine hei pūngao hiko mā te whakaawe hikohiko. Kei roto i ōna wāhanga matua he pūmau, he rotor, he pūnaha whakaoho, he pou, he whāriki, he whakamatao, he ārai, me ngā taputapu tiaki. Ka mahi tahi ēnei wāhanga katoa ki te whakaputa hiko toru-wāhanga pumau, whai hua, me te haumaru mō te tuku ki te whatunga hiko. Mā te mārama ki ngā wāhanga me ngā mahi a te pūkaha hiko wai, ka kite tātou ko te angitu o te whakahaere o te tipu hiko wai ehara i te mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wātea o te wai anake engari ki te pono o te pūnaha hiko matatini i roto i te pūkaha.
