Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i te momo pā wai tika mō ngā tipu hiko wai
Ko ngā tipu hiko wai (PLTA) tētahi o ngā pūtake hiko whakahou tino pono nā te mea he roa te wā e tukuna ana te hiko, he pumau, he iti ngā utu whakahaere, ā, he iti ake ngā tukunga waro ki te whakataurite ki ngā tipu hiko pūmua. Heoi, ko te angitu o tētahi tipu hiko wai ehara i te mea ko ngā tāpine me ngā whakaputa hiko anake, engari ko te whakatau tuatahi hoki: te whiriwhiri i te momo tāpae tika. Mā te kōwhiringa hē ka piki ake ngā utu hanga, ka piki ake ngā mōrearea haumaru, ka nui ake ngā pānga ki te taiao, ā, ka iti ake te kaha whakaputa hiko.
Ka matapakihia i roto i tēnei tuhinga te whiriwhiri i te momo tāhuna mō ngā tipu hiko wai i roto i te ao tūturu—mai i ngā āhuatanga o te tauwāhi, ngā āhuatanga whenua, ngā hiahia pūngao, tae atu ki ngā whakaaro pāpori-taiao—me te tautuhi hoki i ngā momo tāhuna e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
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1. Kia mārama ki te kaupapa o ngā tāhuna i roto i te mana wai
Ko ngā tāhuna i roto i ngā tipu hiko wai te tikanga he mahi kotahi, neke atu rānei o ēnei e whai ake nei:
1. Waihangahia he rerenga wai teitei (te upoko) kia whiwhi ai te tāpine i te kaha pūmanawa e ranea ana.
2. Penapenahia te wai (pūnaha wai) hei whakahaere i te rere kia taea ai e te mīhini whakaputa hiko te mahi pumau i te wā maroke.
3. Te whakahaere i ngā waipuke, te pupuri i te haumarutanga o te awaawa, me te tiaki i ngā hanganga.
4. Whakaūngia te tuku hiko mā te whakamahi i ngā mahi kawenga tihi, kawenga turanga rānei.
Mai i konei, ka mārama ngā whakaritenga o te kaupapa: me whai puna wai nui, me whai mana whakahaere tukunga wai kaha rānei, he rawaka rānei he tāwhana iti hei whakapiki i te taumata wai i roto i tētahi kaupapa e rere ana te awa.
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2. Ngā momo tāhuna noa mō te hiko wai
I mua i te whiriwhiri, he mea nui kia mōhio ki ngā āhuatanga o ia momo tāpui:
a) Te Pā o te Tāwharau
He mea hanga mai i te oneone, i te toka rānei, he pūtake ā-wai (pū uku) he kiriuhi rānei.
– Ngā Painga: he pai mō ngā awaawa whānui, he ngāwari ki te totohu whenua, ka taea te tiki rauemi i te rohe.
– Ngā ngoikoretanga: me nui ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana; me tino pai te hoahoa mō te whakahaere i te turuturu.
He maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria ngā tāhuna pari ina he nui te oneone/toka i te wāhi, ā, kāore i te pai te turanga mō te hanganga raima nui.
b) Te Pānga Taumaha Konukuraiti
E whakawhirinaki ana ki tōna ake taumaha hei ātete i te pēhanga wai.
– Ngā Painga: pumau, roa te ora mahi, ngāwari te whakauru i te ara maringi me te ara whakauru.
– Ngā ngoikoretanga: me whai turanga toka pakari; he nui te utu raima; he pai mō ngā awaawa whaiti ki waenga.
He kōwhiringa rongonui tēnei mō ngā tipu hiko wai me ngā whakaritenga whakahaere kaha, me ngā āhuatanga turanga pai hoki.
c) Te Pā Rakau Konukuraiti o te Āwhata
Ka tukuna te kaha e te āhua piko ki te taha o te awaawa (te hononga).
– Ngā Painga: he raima iti ake te utu i ngā tāke ā-papa; he tino whai hua mō ngā awaawa whaiti me ngā toka pari kaha.
– Ngā huakore: me tino pai ngā āhuatanga whenua o te tautoko; he uaua ake te hoahoa me te hanganga.
Ko te tikanga, ko ngā tāhuna kōpiko ka whiriwhiria mō ngā wāhi he pari pari, he whaiti, he toka mārō hoki.
d) Te Pā o te Pā
He pou tautoko kei ngā pakitara raima.
– Ngā Painga: he iti ake te ōhanga o te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi raima i ngā tāke ā-papa.
– Ngā ngoikoretanga: he uaua te hanganga, he maha ngā hononga—he mea nui te tiaki me te tirotiro.
Kāore i te tino whakamahia i ngā momo matua e toru, engari ka taea te whakamahi mō ētahi āhuatanga.
e) Pā / Rere-o-te-Awa
He iti noa te hanganga, he mea nui ki te tahuri ke te wai, ā, he iti noa te whakahaere i te taumata wai.
– Ngā Painga: he iti ake te pānga o te waipuke; he pai mō ngā kaupapa tere ake, ā, he māmā ake i te tirohanga pāpori-taiao.
– Ngā ngoikoretanga: he nui te whakawhirinaki o te mana ki te tukunga o te wā; he iti ake te ngāwari o te mahi.
He pai tēnei kaupapa mēnā he nui te tukunga wai puta noa i te tau, ā, ko te whāinga he tipu hiko kāore he puna wai nui.
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3. Ngā mea matua e whakatau ana i te whiriwhiri i te momo tāwharau
1) Te āhua o te whenua o te awaawa me ngā āhuatanga o te awa
Ko te āhua whenua te mea tuatahi e whakatau ana:
– Ngā awaawa whaiti me ngā pari kaha → ko ngā tāpae awaawa ngā mea tino ohanga.
– Awaawa waenga → ka taea te whakaaro ki te tāke ā-papa, ki te whakakī toka/whenua rānei.
– He whānui ngā awaawa → he pai ake ngā tāhuna parepare nā te mea he nui te utu mō te hanga raima i te taha o te awaawa.
Haunga te āhua o te awaawa, whakaarohia te teitei e hiahiatia ana hei whakatutuki i te teitei e hiahiatia ana. Mena ka taea te whakatutuki i tētahi teitei nui me te kore he puna wai nui (hei tauira, mā roto i ngā kauhanga me ngā poka wai), ka taea e koe te whakaiti i te hiahia mō tētahi tāhuna nui.
2) Ngā āhuatanga whenua me ngā turanga
Mā te matawhenua e whakatau mēnā ka taea e te pāmu te "noho" haumaru:
– He papa pakari, he papa pāpaku → e tautoko ana i te kaha ā-papa/āwhata.
– He paparanga oneone matotoru, he oneone awaawa → he pai ake mō te pareparenga, engari me whakatika tonu te turanga (te whakakī i te wai, te pakitara tapahi, te puranga pepa, me ētahi atu).
– Ngā mōrearea: te turuturu, te pakaru o ngā paipa (te horo o roto), te rerekētanga o te whakataunga, me te pumau o te pari.
I roto i ngā tāwharau āwhata, he mea nui te kounga o ngā tautoko nā te mea ka whakawhitia te kawenga ki te pari; i roto i ngā tāwharau ā-papa, me kaha ngā turanga ki te tu atu i ngā kaha kutikuti me te huripoki.
3) Te wai: te tukunga wai, ngā waipuke kua whakaritea, me ngā rerekētanga o ngā wā
Mā ngā raraunga wai ka whakatauhia te rahi o te awaawa me te rahinga rokiroki:
– Mena he nui te waipuke nui o te awa, me whai awa turuturu tika te tāhuna, me tētahi pūnaha ārai waipuke haumaru hoki.
– Mena he tino ā-wā te tukunga hiko, ka taea e ngā puna wai nui te pupuri i te whakaputa hiko i ngā wā maroke, ā, ka nui ake te hiranga o ngā tāke rokiroki i ngā awa e rere ana.
Ki te kore e mārama ki te pūtaiao wai, ka raru pea ngā mahi whakaputa i roto i ngā kaupapa, ka nui rānei te rerenga wai.
4) Te whakatōtō me te horo o ngā rohe hopu wai
Ka whakapotoa te roa o te oranga o te puna wai e te paru, ā, ka whakaitihia te nui o te rokiroki whai hua. Mō ngā wāhi e tino horo ana:
– Whakaarohia ngā hoahoa rerenga paru (te tango paru/te horoi), te karo paru, ngā mahi rānei hei whakaiti i te putunga paru.
– He nui ake te ātete o ngā tāhuna iti e rere ana i te awa/pū wai ki te paru i ngā tāhuna nui, i runga i te rautaki whakahaere.
Ko te whiriwhiri i te momo tāhuna e pā ana hoki ki te ngāwari o te whakahaere paru me te urunga atu ki ngā mahi tiaki.
5) Ngā whakaritenga whakahaere a te miihini whakaputa hiko: te kawenga turanga me te pikinga
– Kawenga turanga: me whai pūmau te puna → he mea nui ake te whakahaere i te puna me te tukunga.
– Te pikinga: me ngāwari te whakamahi hei whakanui tere i te mana → me whakahaere te rere me te nui o te rokiroki.
He ngāwari te whakahaere i ngā tāhuna he nui ake ngā puna wai, engari ko te utu he nui ake ngā rohe waipuke me ngā pānga pāpori me te taiao.
6) Ngā rauemi ā-rohe, te urunga atu ki ngā mahi whakahaere, me ngā utu mō te huringa ora
Ko te whakatau "tika" rawa atu ehara i te mea ko te mea iti te utu i te tīmatanga anake, engari ko te mea tino whai whakaaro nui hoki i te roanga o te kaupapa.
– Mena he nui te whakakī toka i te wāhi, ā, he uaua te uru atu ki te raima → he pai ake te whakakī toka.
– Mena he pai te urunga ki te rori, ā, he pai te toka turanga → ka taea te whakamahi i te kaha ā-papatipu/āwhata hei utu mō te taumaha, hei roa hoki.
– Whakaarohia hoki ngā utu tiaki, ngā tirotiro, me ngā hiahia whakapakari ā muri ake nei.
7) Ngā āhuatanga haumaru me ngā āhuatanga mōrearea ā-pāwera
Me whai whakaaro te whiriwhiri i te momo tāpui ki:
– Ngā rū whenua: ko ētahi momo parepare he "ngāwari" ake, engari me hoahoa kia waimeha, kia pumau hoki.
– Tērā pea ka horo te whenua ki roto i ngā puna wai, ka pāngia e ngā tsunami o te roto, me te pumau o te pari.
– Me whakatū ngā pūnaha aroturuki me ngā mahere urupare ohorere (EAP) mai i te tīmatanga.
Kāore he momo e kiia ana ko te mea tino haumaru; ko te haumaru ka whakatauhia e te whaitake o te hoahoa ki ngā āhuatanga o te rohe me te kounga o te hanganga.
8) Ngā pānga ki te taiao me te pāpori
Ka taea e ngā puna wai nui te whakaputa i:
– te nekehanga o te taupori,
– ngā huringa o ngā pūnaha rauropi o te awa,
– ngā arai ki te hekenga o ngā ika,
– ngā panonitanga o te kounga o te wai (te whakarōpūtanga, te nui o te hāora).
Mena he nui te aro ki te taiao me te pāpori, ka taea e te hoahoa tāwharau wai e rere ana i te awa, i te tāwharau rānei o raro te whakaiti i te pānga, tae atu ki ngā arawhata ika, te rere o te wai mō te taiao, me ngā kaupapa utu mārama.
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4. Te rere mahi mō te whiriwhiri i te momo tāpua (anga whakatau)
Ko ngā mahi poto e whai ake nei e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā rangahau whaihua:
1. Whakatakotoria ngā whāinga pūngao me ngā tauira whakahaere (te kaha MW, te whakaputanga ā-tau GWh, te turanga/te tihi).
2. Arotake whenua: tīpakohia ētahi wāhi e hiahiatia ana (ngā momo wāhi kē atu).
3. Te rangahau whenua tuatahi: te mahere toka, ngā hapa, te hohonutanga o te turanga, te whakamātautau uruhanga.
4. Tātaritanga wai: te pihi roa o te rere, te waipuke hoahoa, te horopaki āhuarangi.
5. Whakatauritea ētahi momo tāpae (hei tauira, te whakakī toka, te āwhata, te āwhata) ki te ariā hoahoa tuatahi.
6. Aromatawai i te whakatōtō me te pakeke o te puna wai.
7. Ngā rangahau taiao-pāpori me te raihana: tautuhia ngā mōrearea tino nui.
8. Tātari ōhanga: CAPEX, OPEX, mōrearea hanga, me ngā utu whakaiti.
9. Kōwhiria te kōwhiringa pai rawa atu i runga i ngā paearu maha-āhuatanga (hangarau, utu, haumaru, pānga).
Mā tēnei huarahi ka kore ngā whakataunga e pāngia e tētahi āhuatanga anake pēnei i te utu tīmatanga.
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5. Tauira o ngā whakaaro mō te kōwhiringa (whakaahua)
– Take A: Awaawa whaiti, pari toka mārō, pari teitei
Ahakoa he iti ake te whai hua o ngā tākai kōpiko nā te mea ka taea te penapena rauemi, me tino tirotirohia ngā hononga tautoko.
– Take B: Whānui te awaawa, nui te rauemi whakakī, kāore i te ōrite te turanga
He pai ake te whakakī toka/whakakī oneone nā te mea he ngāwari, he pūnaha tapahi me te rerenga wai i hangaia kia ātaahua.
– Take C: He wāhi tairongo ki te taiao me te pāpori, he pumau te tukunga i te wai puta noa i te tau
Ka taea e ngā awa e rere ana me ngā pā wai iti me ngā awaawa/kauhanga tahuri te whakaiti i te waipuke—ahakoa ka nui ake te pānga o te maroke ki te whakaputanga.
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Whakamutunga
He whakatau rautaki te whiriwhiri i tētahi momo tāhuna mō tētahi tipu hiko wai e hiahia ana kia taurite te āhua o te whenua, te whenua, te wai, te whakatō, ngā whakaritenga whakahaere hiko, ngā utu whakahaere, me ngā pānga pāpori-taiao. Kāore he momo tāhuna kotahi e pai ake ana mō ngā wāhi katoa. Ko te tāhuna pai rawa atu ko tētahi e pai ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te rohe, he haumaru mō te wā roa, he ōhanga puta noa i tōna huringa ora, ā, e manakohia ana e te pāpori me te taiao.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina i a koe ki te whakahiato i tētahi ripanga whakatairite i waenga i ngā momo tāpua (paearu: ngā āhuatanga o te awaawa, ngā turanga, ngā utu, ngā mōrearea, ngā pānga), ki te waihanga rānei i tētahi putanga hangarau ake o tēnei tuhinga me ngā tauira o ngā tataunga ngāwari o te upoko-tuku-mana mō te hiko wai.
