Te tukanga hanga kirihou PETE me tōna whakamahinga i roto i ngā takai inu
Ko te kirihou PETE (Polyethylene Terephthalate), e tuhia pinepinetia ana ko PET, tētahi o ngā momo kirihou e whakamahia whānuitia ana i te ao, inā koa mō ngā takai inu pēnei i ngā pounamu wai kohuke, ngā inu ngohengohe, te tī kua rite ki te inu, me te wai hua. E mōhiotia ana a PETE mō ōna āhuatanga māmā, mārama, kaha, ā, he haumaru mō te pa ki te kai ina hangaia kia rite ki ngā paerewa. Kei muri i te pounamu PETE ngāwari noa iho, he raupapa o ngā tukanga ahumahi roa: mai i te hanganga rauemi mata, te polymerization, te pelletization kapia, ki te hanganga pounamu. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga te tukanga hanga kirihou PETE me te whakamahinga ki ngā takai inu whai hua me te rongonui.
1. Te mōhio ki a PETE: te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga matua
He pūmua kirihou wera te PETE nō te whānau polyester. I roto i te matū, ka hangaia te PET mā te tauhohenga i waenga i tētahi wāhanga e whakarato ana i tētahi rōpū ethylene me tētahi wāhanga e whakarato ana i tētahi rōpū terephthalate. Ka puta i tōna hanganga pūmua he huinga o ngā āhuatanga e tino whai hua ana mō te takai: te mārama, te ātete pānga ngawari, te pumau o ngā āhuatanga, me te ārai whaitake ki ngā hau me te mamaoa wai. Mō ngā kaihanga inu, he mea nui tēnei āhuatanga ārai mō te pupuri i te kounga o te hua, hei tauira, te pupuri i te waro i roto i ngā inu ngohengohe, te āwhina rānei ki te whakaroa i te waikura ka taea te whakaiti i te reka.
I tētahi atu taha, he iti noa iho ngā ngoikoretanga o te PET: kāore tōna ātete ki te pāmahana teitei i rite ki ētahi atu kirihou, ā, kāore i te tino pai mō ngā mahi e hiahia ana kia whakahoromatahia ki te pāmahana teitei, pērā i te takai retort. Heoi, mō ngā inu matao, inu pāmahana rūma rānei, he kōwhiringa tino ōhanga te PET.
2. Ngā rauemi mata matua: PTA/DMT me MEG
I roto i te ahumahi, e rua ngā rauemi mata matua e hangaia ai te PET:
1. PTA (Waikawa Terephthalic Parakore) te DMT rānei (Dimethyl Terephthalate) hei pūtake o ngā rōpū terephthalate.
2. MEG (Mono Ethylene Glycol) hei pūtake o ngā rōpū ethylene.
I tēnei wā, ko te huarahi PTA + MEG te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana nā te pai o te tukanga me te utu. E rua ngā rauemi mata e ahu mai ana i te umanga hinu-matū, ahakoa kua wātea mai ngā kōwhiringa koiora mō ētahi wāhanga (pēnei i te koiora-MEG) hei whakaiti i te tapuwae waro.
3. Ngā wāhanga tauhohenga: te whakaesterifikatanga/te whakaesterifikatanga whakawhiti me te whakapūngao-maha
E rua ngā wāhanga matua o te tukanga hanga PETE i roto i tētahi wheketere kapia.
a) Te whakapūtanga (ara PTA) te whakapūtanga rānei (ara DMT)
– Ina whakamahia te PTA, ka puta he tauhohenga esterification i waenga i te PTA me te MEG. Ka puta he oligomers (he mekameka poto) i tēnei tauhohenga, ā, ka puta he wai hei hua taha. Me tango te wai mai i te pūnaha kia ahu whakamua ai te tauhohenga ki te hanganga oligomer.
– Mēnā kei te whakamahi i te DMT, ka puta te transesterification me te MEG, ka puta he methanol hei hua taha.
I tēnei wāhanga, he mea nui te whakahaere i te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me ngā ōwehenga o ngā rauemi mata kia whai hua ai te hanganga oligomer, kia tika ai hoki te hanganga mō te wāhanga e whai ake nei.
b) Te whakapūngao-maha (te hanganga o ngā mekameka pūmua roa)
Kia oti ngā oligomer te hanga, ka haere tonu te tukanga me te polycondensation hei whakanui ake i te roa o te mekameka (taumaha ngota) kia tutuki ai ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha me ā-tinana i ngā paerewa tono. I tēnei wā, me tango atu hoki ngā hua taha (te nuinga o te glycol taikaha) mai i te tauhohenga. Ko te tikanga, ka whakamahia e ngā ahumahi ngā tikanga korehau me te pāmahana teitei hei whakaoho ake i te tauhohenga kia roa ake ai ngā polymer.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā whakakorikori hei tere ake i ngā tauhohenga me te whakahaere i te kounga o te kapia. Heoi anō, me whai whakaaro te kōwhiringa whakakorikori ki te haumaru o te kai me te pānga ki te tae/māramatanga o te hua. Ko te kapia PET mō ngā pounamu inu me mārama ake, ā, he iti hoki ngā taumata poke.
4. Te hanganga kapia: te whakamatao, te tapahi, me te whakamaroke
Kia oti te tukanga whakapūhui, ka tukuna te PET rewa mā roto i tētahi mata, ka tapahia kia rite ki ngā kirikiri iti e kiia nei ko ngā pirepire, ko ngā maramara rānei. Kei roto i tēnei wāhanga:
– Te whakaputanga: te huri i te PET wai hei āhua miro.
– Te whakakoi i ngā miro: ka tapahia ngā miro kia rite te rahi.
– Te whakamatao me te whakatiotanga tuatahi: ka āwhina i te pumau o te pirepire.
– Te Whakamaroke: He mea nui tēnei nā te mea he hihiko te PET (he ngāwari te mimiti i te makuku). Ka taea e te nui rawa o te makuku te pirau i te wā e hangaia ana te pounamu, ā, ka pā ki te kaha me te mārama.
Mō ngā tono pounamu inu, ka whakarei ake te kounga o te kapia mā te whakahaere i tōna "matotoru ā-roto" (IV), he tawhā e pā ana ki te roa o te mekameka polymer. Mā te kapia me te IV tika ka puta he pounamu he kaha engari he mama.
5. Mai i te kapia ki te hanganga: te tukanga whakakoi werohanga
Ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te huri i ngā pire PET hei poroporo, he "kaitono pounamu" iti, he ngongo, he miro kaki me te taupoki kua oti te hanga. Ka hangaia ngā poroporo mā te werohanga whakarewa, he tukanga e rewa ai ngā pire PET, kātahi ka werohanga ki roto i te pokepoke.
He aha ai te mahi i te mahi tuatahi? Nā te mea he pai te mahi a tēnei huarahi: ka taea te mīhini tika i te kaki o te pounamu (he mea nui mō te pumau o te taupoki me te ārai i ngā turuturu), ā, ka hangaia te tinana mā te tukanga pupuhi.
I te wā e werohia ana te whakarewa, me tino maroke te kapia PET. Mena kei roto tonu he wai, ka taea e te PET te waikura ina rewa, ka whati ngā mekameka polymer, ka pakarukaru, ka mākūkū rānei te hua.
6. Te hanga pounamu: te whakakoi pupuhi (te whakakoi pupuhi totoro)
Kātahi ka whakamahanatia anō te mea i hangaia ki te pāmahana tika (kei runga ake i te pāmahana whakawhiti karāhe engari kei raro iho i tōna ira rewa), kātahi ka hangaia hei pounamu mā te whakamahi i te whakakoi totoro. Ngā mahi matua:
1. Whakamahana anō: ka whakamahanahia te paraoa pokepoke kia ōrite.
2. Totoro: ka kumea te poroporo e te tokotoko kume (tokotoko totoro) te poroporo kia roa.
3. Te pupuhi: ka pupuhihia te tauira e te hau pēhanga teitei kia piri rā anō ki ngā pakitara o te pokepokea ai te pounamu.
4. Whakamatao: ka whakamataohia te pounamu kia pumau ai tōna āhua.
Mā tēnei tukanga "totoro" ka whakapai ake i te aronga ngota ngota, ka kaha ake te pounamu, ka ātete ake ki te pēhanga o roto (he mea nui mō te houra tunutunu), ā, he pai ake ngā āhuatanga ārai i te pupuhi noa me te kore e totoro.
7. Te whakamahinga o te PETE i roto i ngā takai inu
He tino pai a PETE mō ngā takai inu mō ētahi take matua:
– Māmā, kaha: ka whakaiti i ngā utu kawe me te mōrearea o te pakaru ki te whakaritea ki te karāhe.
– Mārama, ātaahua hoki: ka kitea e ngā kaihoko ngā ihirangi o te hua.
– Hototahi ki te whakaputanga papatipu: tere teitei, utu iti.
– He pai te mahi mō te whakapūkara waro: He mea hanga ngā pounamu PET mō ngā inu whakapūkara kia tū atu ki te pēhanga.
– Ka taea te hangarua: He kirihou te PET me te pūnaha hangarua tino matatau.
Ko ngā tono PETE ko:
– Ngā pounamu wai kohuke o ngā rahi rerekē.
– Ngā inu warowaihā (me tētahi hoahoa me tētahi matotoru o te pounamu).
– Tī, kawhe kua rite ki te inu me ngā inu whakareka.
– Ngā wai hua me ngā inu isotonic (he maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana he parenga atu i te hāora, i te mārama rānei).
Mō ngā hua e pāngia ana e te hāora, e te UV rānei, ka taea e ngā ahumahi te tāpiri i ngā hangarau pēnei i ngā paparanga ārai, ngā tāpiringa ārai hāora, ngā tae pounamu rānei (hei tauira, te amipere) hei whakaiti i te hekenga kounga.
8. Ngā wero: te haumaru, te kounga, me te taiao
Ahakoa e whakamahia whānuitia ana te PETE, kei reira tonu ngā wero me whakahaere:
– Te kounga me te haumaru o te kai: Me whakarite e ngā kaihanga kei roto i ngā rohe ture te nekehanga o ngā matū mai i te takai ki ngā inu. Ko te parakore o te kapia me te whakahaere tukanga te mea nui.
– Ātete pāmahana: Kāore i te pai ngā pounamu PET paerewa mō ngā pāmahana tino tiketike. Mō ngā inu whakakī wera, me whai hoahoa motuhake me te momo PET e taea ai te tu atu i te whakahekenga.
– Pānga ki te taiao: Ehara i te rauemi tonu te take matua, engari ko te whakahaere para. He nui te kaha ki te hangarua i te PET, engari me whai pūnaha kohikohi me te whakarōpū whai hua.
Kei te piki haere te whakamahinga o te rPET (PET hangarua) mō ngā pounamu inu. Heoi, me whai tukanga hangarua te rPET mō te pa ki te kai, ā, me tutuki i ngā paerewa pakari hei whakarite i te haumaru me te ōritetanga.
Whakamutunga
Ko te tukanga hanga kirihou PETE mō ngā takai inu he raupapa o ngā mahi, mai i ngā tauhohenga matū ki te hanganga polymer (esterification/transesterification me te polycondensation), ki te hanganga o ngā pire kapia, te hanganga o ngā preforms mā te werohanga pokepoke, me te hanganga o ngā pounamu mā te totoro pupuhi pokepoke. Ko ngā painga o PETE—māmā, kaha, mārama, me te hangarua—ka waiho hei whiringa matua mō te umanga inu. I ngā rā kei te heke mai, ko ngā auahatanga i roto i te hangarau ārai, te hoahoa pounamu māmā, me te whakamahinga o te rPET ka whakatau ake i te pumau o te whakamahinga o PETE hei takai inu whai hua me te taiao.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi wāhanga motuhake mō te tukanga hangarua PET ki te rPET, te whakamārama rānei i ngā rerekētanga i waenga i te PET whakakī-wera me te PET inu warowaihā (CSD) me ngā tauira hoahoa pounamu.
