Ngā Tikanga mō te Whakarato i ngā Kohuke me ngā Huaora ki ngā Kararehe
He wāhanga kai nui ngā kohuke me ngā huaora, ā, he mea nui ēnei hei pupuri i te hauora, te hua, me te whai huatanga o te whāngai kararehe. Ka taea e te korenga o ngā kohuke me ngā huaora te arahi ki te tipu puhoi, te hekenga o te miraka, te hua manu rānei, ngā mate whānau, te hekenga o te ārai mate, me te pikinga ake o te mate. I tua atu, ka taea hoki e te nui rawa o te kai te whakaputa i ngā raruraru pēnei i te paitini o ngā kohuke, ngā mate nakunaku, ngā koretake rānei o te kai. Nō reira, me mārama ngā kaimahi pāmu ki ngā tikanga tika mō te tuku kohuke me ngā huaora, i runga i te momo kararehe, te pakeke, te wā whakaputa, me ngā āhuatanga taiao.
Te Tūranga o ngā Kohuke me ngā Huaora i roto i te Tinana o te Kararehe
I te nuinga o te wā, ka wehea ngā kohuke ki ngā rōpū e rua: ngā kohuke nui (e hiahiatia ana i roto i ngā rahinga nui ake) pērā i te konupūmā (Ca), te whākōkī (P), te konupora (Mg), te konutai (Na), te pāhare pākawa (K), te haurore (Cl), me te whanariki (S); me ngā kohuke moroiti (e hiahiatia ana i roto i ngā rahinga iti ake) pērā i te parahi (Cu), te konutea (Zn), te rino (Fe), te manganese (Mn), te iodine (I), te selenium (Se), me te cobalt (Co). He mahi tā ngā kohuke ki te hanganga wheua, te mahi a te whākōkī me te homoni, te taurite o te wai tinana, te mahi a te io me te uaua, me te pūnaha ārai mate.
I taua wā, ka wehea ngā huaora ki ngā huaora wairewa-ngako (A, D, E, K) me ngā huaora wairewa-wai (ngā rōpū B me C). He mea nui ngā huaora wairewa-ngako mō te tirohanga, te tipu, te hauora uri, te pākia o te konupūmā-whāwhā, me ngā antioxidants. Ka whai wāhi ngā huaora wairewa-wai ki te pākia o te pūngao, te hanganga o ngā pūtau toto, me te mahi io. I roto i ngā kararehe ruminant, ka taea te hanga i ētahi huaora B e ngā moroiti rumen, engari me tāpiri tonu i raro i ētahi āhuatanga.
Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki ngā Hiahia Tāpiringa
Kāore e ōrite tonu ngā hiahia mō ngā kohuke me ngā huaora. He maha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki ēnei:
1. Ngā momo kararehe: he rerekē ngā hiahia o ngā kau miraka, kau mīti kau, kau koati, hipi, heihei me ngā poaka.
2. Tau me te wāhanga whakaputa: kararehe, wā tipu, haputanga, whāngai ū, te whakamomona rānei.
3. Te kounga o te whāngai taketake: he rerekē te nui o ngā kohuke i roto i te whāngai matomato, te whāngai kukū, te whāngai whakapūkara rānei.
4. Ngā āhuatanga taiao: te wā ua/te wā maroke, ngā taumata ahotea wera, me te nui o ngā kohuke kei roto i te oneone me te wai inu o te rohe.
5. Hauora kararehe: ka piki ake ngā hiahia mā ngā mate nakunaku, ngā pirinoa, ngā mate ngongo rānei.
Mā te mārama ki ēnei āhuatanga, ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te whiriwhiri i te tikanga whāngai tika kia whai hua ai, kia ohanga ai hoki.
Ngā Tikanga mō te Whakarato i ngā Kohuke ki ngā Kararehe
1. Te Whakaranu i ngā Rahui (Te Whakaranu Whāngai)
Ko te tikanga tino noa ko te whakaranu i ngā kohuke ki roto i te whāngai kukū, ki te whāngai katoa rānei (TMR). Kei te wātea ngā kohuke i roto i te āhua kua oti te whakaranu, i ngā ranunga kohuke, i ngā kai takitahi rānei pērā i te paraoa kōhatu (konupūmā) me te dicalcium phosphate (DCP).
Te taikaha:
– He whakahaeretia ake, he ōrite ake te horopeta.
– He pai mō te mahi ahuwhenua kaha me te whāngai ine.
Te korenga:
– Me whai taputapu me te tika o te whakaranu.
– Ki te kore e ranu pai te kai, ka kore e ōrite te nui o ngā kohuke e kainga ana.
2. Te Mitimiti i te Tote (Poraka/Mitimiti i te Kohuke)
He tino rongonui ngā poraka kohuke, arā, ngā poraka tote, i waenga i ngā kau, ngā koati, me ngā hipi. Kei roto i ēnei poraka te NaCl, ngā moroiti kohuke, me ētahi huaora.
Te taikaha:
– He whai hua, he ngāwari ki te whakamahi, ā, he pai mō ngā pūnaha whāngai kararehe.
– Ka kai ngā kararehe i runga anō i ngā hiahia tūturu (e whakahaere ana i a rātou anō) ahakoa kāore i te tino tika i ngā wā katoa.
Te korenga:
– He uaua te aroturuki tika i te whakapaunga.
– Tērā te tūponotanga ka nui ake te kai a ētahi kararehe matua, engari ka iti ake te kai a ngā kararehe ngoikore.
3. Te Tāpiritanga mā te Wai Inu
Ka taea te whakarato i ētahi kohuke me ngā electrolytes mā te wai inu, inā koa i roto i ngā heihei me ngā poaka, i te wā rānei e pāngia ana ngā kararehe e te ahotea wera me te matewai.
Te taikaha:
– Ka tere te mimiti, ā, he ngāwari ki te pani ki te tauine nui.
– He whai hua mō ngā āhuatanga ohorere (hei tauira, te korenga o te electrolyte).
Te korenga:
– Ko te horopeta e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wai e inuhia ana; ki te kore e nui te inu a ngā kararehe, kāore e ranea te nui o te wai e horomia ana.
– Ka taea e ētahi kohuke te whakapūpū, te tauhohe rānei ki te wai kounga iti.
4. Te whakamakuku (Te tukunga ā-waha tika)
Ko te whakamakuku he tuku tika i te wai kohuke ki roto i te waha mā te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu whakamakuku, i tētahi pounamu motuhake rānei. He tikanga tēnei hei whakatika wawe i ngā ngoikoretanga kohuke motuhake, pērā i te konupora hei ārai i te mate pāwera o te tarutaru i roto i ngā kau.
Te taikaha:
– Te horopeta tika me ngā pānga tere ake.
– He pai mō te whakahaere takitahi.
Te korenga:
– Me whai tāngata me ngā pūkenga hei ārai i ngā hongere hē (ngā wawata).
– Kāore i te tino whai hua mō te tini o ngā kararehe.
5. Werohanga Kohuke (Parentral)
Ka whakamahia ngā werohanga mō ētahi kohuke pēnei i te selenium, te parahi, ngā huinga kohuke-huaora rānei, inā koa he ngoikore nui, he ngoikore rānei te mimiti o te kai i roto i te ara kai.
Te taikaha:
– He tere te pānga, kāore e whakawhirinaki ki te kai e kainga ana.
– He whai hua mō ngā kararehe e mate ana, mō te hunga rānei e ngoikore ana te hiahia kai.
Te korenga:
– Me mahi i tēnei mā te whai i ngā tikanga akuaku pai.
– He nui ake te mōrearea o te nui rawa o te horomanga; me tirotirohia e te rata kararehe, e te kaimahi whakangungu rānei.
Ngā Tikanga mō te Hoatu Huaora ki ngā Kararehe
1. Te Whakaranu Huaora i roto i te Whāngai
He maha ngā wā ka tukuna ngā huaora mā roto i ngā ranunga kua konatunatua ki te whāngai kararehe, inā koa mō ngā heihei, poaka, me ngā kau whakatipu miraka nui.
Te taikaha:
– Ka pumau mēnā ka rongoatia tika, ā, ka whakaranua kia ōrite.
– He pai mō ngā kaupapa kai mō te wā roa.
Te korenga:
– He tairongo ētahi huaora ki te wera, te mārama me te haumākū, nō reira ka heke pea te kounga.
– Ka taea e te tukanga whakapūkara whāngai te whakangaro i ētahi huaora mēnā kāore i te hangaia mō te kaupapa motuhake.
2. Ngā Huaora mā te Inu Wai
Ko ngā huaora wairewa-wai (pēnei i ngā huaora matatini-B me te huaora C) ka hoatu mā te wai inu i ngā wā ahotea, i ngā wā whakawhiti kai, i muri i te werohanga, i te ora rānei i te mate.
Te taikaha:
– He whai hua, ā, he tere te mimiti.
– He pai mō ngā āhuatanga ahotea me te whakaiti i te kai e kainga ana.
Te korenga:
– He iti noa te pumau o ngā huaora i roto i te wai, me hanga hou.
– Ko te tika o te horopeta e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wai e inuhia ana.
3. Werohanga Huaora
Ka taea te hoatu i ngā huaora A, D, E, me ētahi huinga huaora maha mā te werohanga, inā koa ki ngā kararehe he iti te taumaha, i muri i te whānautanga, i te wā rānei he kino te kounga o te kai māra (hei tauira, te wā maroke).
Te taikaha:
– Ka tere te whakapai ake i te mana o ngā huaora i roto i te tinana.
– He tino āwhina i ngā wā o te ngoikore haumanu.
Te korenga:
– Me whai pūkenga me te horoi.
– He mōrearea mēnā kāore i te tika te horopeta, inā koa ko ngā huaora wairewa-ngako ka kohia pea i roto i te tinana.
Ngā Rautaki Whai Hua mō te Tāpiringa Whai Hua
Hei whakarato i ngā kohuke me ngā huaora e tika ana, me whakatinana e ngā kaimahi pāmu ētahi rautaki:
1. Te tātari whāngai me ngā āhuatanga ā-rohe: mā te mōhio ki te nui o ngā kohuke i roto i te whāngai kakariki, ngā mea whakapūkara, me te wai inu ka āwhina i te whakatau i ngā matea tūturu.
2. Whakarerekētia ki te wāhanga whakaputa: me nui ake te Ca, P, me ngā kohuke iti mō ngā kararehe hapu me ngā kararehe e whāngai ana; me nui hoki te konupūmā mō ngā manu whāngai hei kounga mō te anga.
3. Whakamahia he ranunga kounga teitei: whiriwhiria he hua e mārama ana te hanganga, te rā paunga, me ngā tohutohu horopeta e tika ana.
4. Aroturuki i te kai me te urupare a ngā kararehe: tirohia te mahi, te āhua o te huruhuru, te hiahia kai, te tere o te haputanga, te whakaputanga miraka/hua manu, me te putanga mai o te mate.
5. Āraia te nui rawa o te kai me te kore taurite: hei tauira, ka taea e te nui rawa o te Ca te whakararuraru i te mimiti o te P, ā, he kino te nui rawa o te Cu ki ngā hipi.
6. Kōrero ki tētahi tohunga: ka taea e te rata kararehe, e te tohunga kai rānei te āwhina i te hoahoa i tētahi kaupapa kohuke-huaora e tika ana, e haumaru ana hoki.
Whakamutunga
Ka taea te tāpiri kohuke me te huaora mā te whakaranu i ngā whāngai, te mitimiti tote, te wai inu, te whakamakuku, te werohanga rānei. He painga me he ngoikoretanga o ia tikanga, nō reira me whai whakaaro te kōwhiringa ki te momo kararehe, te pūnaha whakatipu, ngā āhuatanga whāngai, me ngā whāinga whakaputa. Mā te tāpiri tika ka pai ake te hauora, te hua, te whai huatanga o te whāngai, me te angitu o te whakaputa uri. Mā te whakahaere tika me te aroturuki auau, ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te whakarite kia whiwhi ā rātou kararehe i ngā kohuke me ngā huaora e tika ana me te kore e mōrearea ki te koretake, ki te nui rawa rānei.
