Hangarau Whakaputa Miraka Paura
He hua miraka te paura he mea nui i roto i te umanga kai nā te mea he whai hua, he roa te mau, he ngāwari ki te tohatoha, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei rauemi mata mō ngā momo hua pēnei i te inu, te taro, te pihikete, te tiakarete, te aihikirīmi, tae atu ki te kai pēpi. Ko ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau whakaputa miraka paura e whai ana ki te pupuri i te kounga kai me ngā āhuatanga mahi o te miraka, me te whakarite hoki i te haumaru o te kai me te whai huatanga o te tukanga. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga ngā wāhanga matua, ngā mātāpono hangarau, me ngā āhuatanga whakahaere kounga o te whakaputa miraka paura.
1. Ngā ariā taketake o te miraka paura me ōna momo
Ko te miraka paura i te nuinga o te wā he miraka wai kua whakaitihia te nui o te wai hei hanga i te paura he iti te nui o te makuku. Mā te whakaiti i te nui o te wai ka pehia te mahi a ngā moroiti me ngā tauhohenga pirau, ā, ka roa ake te ora o te miraka. E mōhiotia ana e te umanga ētahi momo miraka paura, tae atu ki:
1. Paura miraka kirīmi katoa: kei roto te ngako miraka e ai ki tōna hanganga taketake, ka puta he reka ake, he kakano kirīmi ake.
2. Paura miraka ngako-kore: ka tangohia te nuinga o te ngako, he pai mō ngā whakatakotoranga iti-ngako.
3. Miraka paura inamata: he mea hanga kia ngāwari te waimeha, engari kaua e hanga he puranga, mā te tukanga whakakotahi.
4. Whey, paura miraka whakaranu rānei: i ahu mai i ngā wāhanga whey, i te ranunga rānei me ētahi atu wāhanga e ai ki te whakamahinga e tika ana.
Ka pāngia te kōwhiringa o ngā tawhā tukanga e ēnei rerekētanga o te momo, inā koa i ngā wāhanga o te wehenga ngako, te whakakotahitanga me te whakamaroke.
2. Te whiwhinga o ngā rauemi mata me te whakapūmautanga
Ko te wāhanga tuatahi ko te whiwhi miraka hou mai i te pāmu, i te kaiwhakarato rānei. Me whakamātau i te miraka hou kia pai ai te kounga me te haumaru, tae atu ki ngā whakamātautau ā-tinana (kakara, tae), te nui o te ngako me te pūmua, te pH, te whakamātautau waipiro (pūmautanga pūmua), te tapeke o ngā pereti, me ngā poke pea pērā i ngā paturopi. Ko ngā rauemi mata kāore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga ka taea te whakararu i te tukanga tukatuka me te whakaiti i te kounga o te paura.
Kia tae mai, ka whakapūmautia te hanganga, inā koa te nui o te ngako. I te hanga paura miraka ngako-kore, ka wehea te ngako mā te whakamahi i te wehewehenga porowhita. Mō te paura miraka kirīmi-katoa, ka whakapūmautia te nui o te ngako kia rite ai ki ngā whakaritenga hua. He mea nui te whakapūmautanga mō ngā āhuatanga rheological matapae, te pumau wera, me te whanonga maroke.
3. Te whakamārama, te whakamātao, me te whakaōrite
Kātahi ka whakamāramahia/tātarihia te miraka hei tango i ngā poke ā-tinana me ētahi pūtau tinana. Ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te whakamātao, ko te whāinga he patu i ngā moroiti mate me te whakaiti i ngā moroiti pirau. Ka rerekē pea ngā tawhā whakamātao, engari he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e te umanga te pūnaha HTST (High Temperature Short Time), hei tauira, tata ki te 72°C mō te 15 hēkona, ētahi atu āhuatanga rānei kua whakatikatikaina ki ngā paerewa wheketere.
Mō ētahi hua, ka mahia te whakaōrite, arā, te wawahi i ngā poro ngako kia iti ake, kia ōrite ake te rahi. Ka whakanui ake te whakaōrite i te pumau o te emulsion, ka ārai i te wehenga ngako, ā, ka taea te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga whakaora wai o te paura. Heoi anō, me whakahaere ngā āhuatanga whakaōrite nā te mea ka pā ki te matotoru me te kaha o te waikura ngako.
4. Te mimiti hei wāhanga whakamaroke i mua i te whakamaroketanga
He nui te kaha e hiahiatia ana mō te whakamaroke tika i te miraka wai. Nō reira, ka whakamahia e te umanga te mimiti hei whakaiti i te nui o te wai, hei whakanui ake hoki i ngā totoka katoa. Ko te mimiti he tikanga whakamahi i tētahi mimiti maha-pānga, ā, he maha ngā wā ka honoa ki tētahi korehau hei tuku i te wai kia mimiti i te pāmahana iti iho. Mā tēnei ka whakaitihia te ngaronga o ngā matūkai me ngā huringa reka i puta mai i te wera.
Ka taea e te matū kua mimiti te eke ki te taumata totoka katoa o te 45–55% (i runga i te hoahoa tukanga me te momo hua). I tēnei wā, he mea nui te whakahaere i te pāmahana me te wā noho hei ārai i ngā tauhohenga parauri kore-enzymatic (ngā tauhohenga Maillard) ka pā ki te tae me te reka.
5. Te whakamaroke: te ngākau o te hangarau paura miraka
Ko te taahiraa matua i roto i te hanga miraka paura ko te whakamaroke. E rua ngā hangarau matua e whakamahia whānuitia ana:
a) Whakamaroke rehu
Koinei te tikanga tino rongonui i roto i te umanga miraka paura. Ka rehuhia te miraka kukū mā roto i te pūwero, i te atomizer hurihuri rānei, kia rite ki ngā pata iti ki roto i te rūma whakamaroke kua whakakiia ki te hau wera. Ka tere te mimiti o te wai, ka puta he matūriki paura.
Ngā painga o te whakamaroke rehu:
– He tere te tukanga, ā, ka whakaitihia te kino o te wera.
– He pai mō te whakaputa nui me te whakaputa tonu.
– Ka taea te whakahaere hei whakaputa i tētahi rahi matūriki kua whakaritea.
Ngā tawhā nui:
– Te pāmahana o te hau e tomo mai ana, e puta mai ana hoki.
– Te tere rere o te hau me te tere whāngai kukū.
– Momo atomizer (pūwero, pūwero hurihuri rānei).
– Kia whāia te makuku paura whakamutunga (he iti te nuinga kia pumau ai te papa).
b) Te whakamaroke i te pahu (te whakamaroke i te pahu)
Ka whakamahia he pūwero hurihuri wera i tēnei tikanga. Ka hanga he paparanga angiangi o te miraka ki runga i te mata o te pūwero, ka maroke, kātahi ka waruhia kia rite ki ngā kongakonga/paura. He māmā ake te whakamaroke i te pūwero, engari he nui ake te wera e pā ana ki te reka me te wairewa. Nō reira, he iti ake te whakamahinga i te whakamaroke rehu mō te paura miraka kounga teitei.
6. Te whakamatao, te tātari, me te takai
He mahana tonu te paura e puta mai ana i te whakamaroke. Me whakamatao kia kore ai e piri te ngako kirihou, kia whakaitihia te tūponotanga o te waikura, kia puhoi ai te mimiti o te makuku mai i te hau.
Muri iho, ka mahia te tātari kia ōrite te rahi o ngā matūriki, kia tangohia ai ngā mea nui rawa. Ko te wāhanga whakamutunga, he mea nui, ko te tākai. Me tākai te miraka paura ki roto i ngā rauemi he pai te aukati i te kohu wai me te hāora, pērā i ngā putea paparanga maha, i ngā kēne rānei. He maha ngā hua e whakamahi ana i te horoi hauota hei whakaiti i te hāora me te pehi i te waikura ngako.
7. Hangarau whakatinanatanga me te whakahiato
Ko tētahi o ngā wero o te miraka paura ko tōna āhua uaua ki te waimeha i ētahi wā, me tōna āhua ki te piri ina kohuatia. Hei whakatika i tēnei, i whakawhanakehia te miraka paura inamata mā roto i:
– Te whakahiato: ka whakakotahitia ngā matūriki ki ngā kirikiri nunui ake, ka pūwerohia kia ngāwari ai te tomo o te wai, kia tere ai te mākū.
– Te tāpiri i te lecithin, te emulsifier rānei: ka āwhina i te marara o te ngako, ā, ka whakapai ake i te wairewatanga.
– Te whakamaroke i te moenga wai: te whakamaroke me te tukatuka anō i roto i te moenga wai hei whakahaere i te nui o te makuku, te rahi o te kirikiri, me ngā āhuatanga tere.
Mā te whakatinanatanga tonu, ka māmā ake te hanga i te miraka paura, ka iti ake te tūponotanga kia hanga he "paura mānu", ā, ka pai ake te wheako kai.
8. Te whakahaere kounga me te haumaru kai
Me tutuki i te miraka paura te whakaritenga ā-tinana, ā-matū, ā-pūtaiao, ā-pūtaiao hoki. Ko ngā tawhā kounga nui ko:
– Te nui o te wai me te ngohe wai (aw): te whakatau i te pumau o te rokiroki.
– Te wairewatanga me te mararatanga: he mea nui mō ngā hua inu.
– Te poke o te ngako, te pūmua, te nui o te lactose, me te pungarehu.
– Te koiora moroiti: te tapeke o ngā pereti, te koriform, te Salmonella (me kino), me te whakahaere i ētahi pua i roto i ngā hua motuhake.
– Te waikura ngako: ka aro turukihia mā te whakamahi i tētahi tohu waikura.
– Te horoi i te tukanga: te whakamahi i te CIP (Te horoi i te wāhi) me te akuaku.
Ko ngā pūnaha whakahaere pēnei i te HACCP, te GMP, me te manatoko akuaku he paerewa ahumahi hei whakarite kia whakahaeretia ngā mōrearea haumaru kai.
9. Ngā wero hangarau me te auahatanga
Kei te aro atu te umanga miraka paura ki ngā wero pēnei i te whai huatanga o te pūngao, te pumau o te kai, me te hiahia o te mākete mō ngā hua whai hua. Ko ngā auahatanga hou ko:
– He pai ake te whakamahi i te pūngao o te hoahoa whakamaroke rehu, ā, he nui ake te wera e whakamahia ana.
– Te whakahaere matūriki hei whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga tere me te pumau i te wā e rongoa ana.
– Te whakapakari i te huaora/kohuke me ngā whakatakotoranga motuhake (hei tauira, he nui te pūmua, he iti te lactose).
– Te whakawhanaketanga o ngā takai me te ārai pai ake i te hāora me te makuku.
Te Katinga
He tukanga whakauru te hangarau whakaputa miraka paura e uru ana ki te whiriwhiri rauemi mata, te whakapūmautanga, te whakamātao, te mimiti, te whakamaroke (ina koa te whakamaroke rehu), te takai, me te whakahaere kounga. Ehara i te mea ko te kaha ki te tango wai anake te mea e whakatau ana i te angitu o te whakaputanga, engari ko te whakatakoto tika hoki i ngā tawhā tukanga hei pupuri i te uara kai, te wairewatanga, te reka, me te haumaru o te hua. Mā te auaha tonu, ka noho tonu te miraka paura hei taonga nui e tautoko ana i te haumarutanga kai, te umanga hanga, me ngā hiahia o ngā kaihoko o ēnei rā.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia hangarau ake (me ngā tau taipitopito o ngā tawhā tukanga), kia rongonui ake rānei mō ngā kaipānui whānui, me te tāpiri atu hoki i tētahi rārangi pukapuka me ngā tohutoro.
