Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi mata mō te whāngai kararehe kounga teitei
Ko te kounga o te whāngai tētahi o ngā mea tino nui mō te angitu o tētahi pakihi kararehe. Ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa te whāngai pai i te tere me te hauora o te tipu o ngā kararehe, engari ka whakapai ake hoki i te pai o te whakawhiti whāngai, ka whakanui ake i te whakaputanga miraka me te hua manu, ā, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te mate. Heoi anō, he hononga tata te kounga o te whāngai ki te kounga o ōna rauemi mata. He maha ngā kaipāmu kararehe e pāngia ana e ngā raruraru pēnei i te puhoi o te tipu, te heke o te whakaputanga, te paitini rānei—ehara i te mea nā ngā tauira hē, engari nā te mea kāore ngā rauemi mata i whakamahia e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa.
E matapakihia ana i roto i tēnei tuhinga te whiriwhiri i ngā kai kounga teitei mō te whāngai kararehe, mai i te mārama ki ngā matea kai, te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, tae noa ki te whakarite i te rokiroki me te haumaru o ngā kai.
1. Kia mārama ki ngā hiahia kai e ai ki te momo me te āhua o te kararehe
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi i mua i te hoko rauemi mata ko te mārama ki ngā matea kai o ngā kararehe. He rerekē ngā matea o ia momo kararehe, ahakoa i roto i te momo kotahi, i runga i te pakeke me ngā whāinga whakaputa. Hei tauira, me nui te pūmua me te kaha e hiahiatia ana e ngā heihei parai mō te tipu tere, ko ngā heihei whāngai ia me whai taurite te pūmua, te kaha, te konupūmā, me te whākōkī mō te whakaputa hua tonu. Me whai muka whai hua me te kaha e ranea ana ngā kau miraka mō te whakaputa miraka, ko ngā kau mīti kau ia e aro ana ki te whakanui taumaha whai hua.
Mā te mārama ki ēnei hiahia, ka taea e koe te whakatau i ngā kāwai kai e hiahiatia ana: ngā pūtake pūngao (hei tauira, te kānga, te sorghum, te manioka), ngā pūtake pūmua (paraoa pīni soya, paraoa kokonati, paraoa ika), ngā pūtake muka (paraoa, rau maroke, kiri pīni soya), me ngā kohuke me ngā huaora. Ki te kore tēnei māramatanga, ahakoa ngā rauemi mata "pai" ka kore e tino pai nā te mea kāore e tutuki i ō hiahia.
2. Kia mōhio ki ngā momo rauemi mata me ō rātou mahi kai
Ko ngā rauemi mata o te whāngai kararehe ka wehea kia maha ngā rōpū matua:
– Ngā pūtake pūngao: te kānga, te witi, te sorghum, te pollard, me te paraoa manioka. Ka whakaratohia e ēnei kai ngā kaora. Ka whakatauhia tōna kounga e te nui o te makuku, te ma, me te nui o te kino o te witi.
– Ngā pūtake pūmua huawhenua: paraoa pīni soya, paraoa pata nikau, paraoa kokonati, paraoa kākano miro (kia tūpato nā te mea he ārai matūkai kei roto). Ko te kounga ka whakatauhia e te nui o te pūmua, te nui o te muka, me te tikanga tukatuka.
– Ngā pūtake pūmua kararehe: paraoa ika, paraoa mīti me te wheua (MBM), paraoa toto. Ko te kounga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hou, te ma, me te nui o te pungarehu (e tohu ana i te ranunga wheua/onepu).
– Ngā pūtake muka/tāpiritanga: te parāoa raihi, te kiri pīni soya, te kakau witi, te tarutaru maroke, te silage. I roto i ngā kurī ruminant, he pānga nui te kounga o te muka ki te hauora o te rumen.
– Ngā kohuke me ngā huaora: te ranunga tuatahi, te tote, te raima (konupūmā), te DCP/MCP (fosforu), me ētahi atu. Kōwhiria mai i tētahi kaihanga rongonui nā te mea he iti te horopeta engari he nui te pānga.
Ka mārama ake koe ki te mahi a ia wāhanga, ka māmā ake te aromatawai mēnā he pai te hoko, me whakakapi rānei.
3. Tirohia te kounga ā-tinana: te tae, te kakara, te kakano, me te ma.
Ko te tirotiro ā-tinana te huarahi tere me te iti rawa o te utu ki te tātari i ngā rauemi mata kounga teitei.
1. Tae: Ko te kānga pai he rite tonu te tae maori. Ko te kānga pouri rawa he tohu pea kei te pai te rokiroki. Ko te parāoa mangu, pūkohu rānei he tohu pea kei te pirau, kei te makuku rānei.
2. Kakara: Ko te kakara haunga, kawa, pirau rānei he tohu nō te pokepokea ai, te waikura ngako, te whakapūkara rānei kāore e hiahiatia. He kakara ika motuhake tō te paraoa ika kounga teitei, engari kāore i te tino pirau.
3. Kakano: Me maroke te āhua o te rauemi, kaua e pūkohu, kaua hoki e paru. He tohu ngā pūkohu he nui te makuku me te tūponotanga o te pokepokea ai.
4. Te Ma: Kia tino kore he paru, he kōhatu, he onepu, he para kirihou, he kiri rānei i roto i te kai. Ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i te kai mā ngā poke, engari ka kino anō hoki ki te ara nakunaku o te kararehe.
Ki te taea, tangohia he tauira mai i ētahi wāhi o te peke, o te puranga rānei, nā te mea he maha ngā wā kāore i te ōrite te kounga.
4. Me whakarite kia haumaru te wai hei ārai i te harore me ngā paitini kino.
He mea nui te nui o te makuku. Ka tere te whakatupu o te harore i ngā rauemi makuku rawa, inā koa i ngā āhuarangi pārūrū. Ka taea e te harore te whakaputa i ngā paitini kino (pērā i ngā aflatoxin): ka whakaiti i te hiahia kai, ka kino te ate, ka pehi i te pūnaha ārai mate, ā, i roto i ngā manu, ka taea te whakaiti i te whakaputanga me te whakanui ake i te mate.
Ko te tikanga whānui, he maha ngā witi e haumaru ana te penapena i te 12–14% te nui o te makuku (i runga i te rauemi me ngā tikanga rokiroki). Ka tere ake te pirau o te parani nā te nui ake o te ngako, nō reira me nui ake te tiaki.
Mō ngā kaimahi pāmu iti, ka taea e koe te mahi i tētahi whakamātautau māmā: pupuritia te rauemi kia mau ki tō ringaringa; ki te ngāwari te pupuhi, ā, he uaua ki te wawahi, tera pea he makuku rawa. Heoi, mō ngā hua tika, whakamahia he mita makuku, tono raraunga rānei mai i tō kaiwhakarato.
5. Kia tūpato ki te pirau me te pirau o te ngako
Ka pirau ngā kai kei roto te ngako (te parani, ētahi paraoa hinu, paraoa ika). Ka whakaitihia te reka o te kai e te pirau (ka kore ai ngā kararehe e hiahia ki te kai) ā, ka taea te whakangaro i ngā huaora wairewa-ngako. Ko ngā tohu noa ko te kakara pirau koi me te reka kawa (i roto i ētahi kai).
Ki te whakamahi koe i te parani, kia tūpato ki te rā hanga me te wā rokiroki. He pai ake te parani hou, engari me penapena tika kia kore ai e tere te pirau. He mea tika te whakamahi i ngā antioxidants whāngai i ētahi wā i roto i ētahi hanganga, inā koa he nui te ngako i roto i ngā kai.
6. Kia tūpato ki ngā matūkai ārai-matūkai me ngā herenga whakamahinga pea.
Kei roto i ētahi rauemi mata ngā matūkai kore-matūkai ka taea te whakararuraru i te nakunaku, te hauora rānei mēnā ka whakamahia nuitia, kāore rānei i tukatukahia tika. Hei tauira:
– Tērā pea kei roto i te paraoa pīni soya mata ngā aukati trypsin mēnā kāore i te tukatukahia tika.
– Tērā pea kei roto i te manioka ngā matū cyanide mēnā kāore i te tukatukahia tika.
– Kei roto i ngā purapura miro te gossypol, he mea morearea tēnei mō ngā puku e rua, ā, me whakaiti te whakamahinga.
– He nui te histamine i roto i te paraoa ika kounga iti mēnā ehara te ika mata i te mea hou.
Ko te otinga he whakamahi i ngā kai mai i ngā kaihanga e mārama ana ā rātou tukanga, me te whai i ngā here whakamahinga kua tūtohutia i roto i te hanganga.
7. Pātai atu mō ngā whakaritenga, ā, mēnā ka taea, whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga.
Mō ngā pakihi tauine waenga ki te rahi, mō ngā rauemi mata utu nui rānei, he tino taunaki kia whakamātauria ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga. I te iti rawa, ka taea e koe te tono i ngā whakaritenga kai mai i ngā kaiwhakarato: te pūmua mata, te ngako, te muka, te makuku, te pungarehu, me te pūngao ka taea te whakapūngao (mō ngā heihei). Mō ētahi kai, he mea nui anō hoki te whakamātau i te paitini miko, inā koa mō te kānga me ngā pīni.
Mena kāore e taea e koe te utu mō ngā whakamātautau auau, me mahi whakamātautau ā-wā, ina koa mēnā:
– te whakawhiti i ngā kaiwhakarato,
– te wā ua (ka piki ake te mōrearea o te harore),
– kua tino heke te utu o ngā rauemi (he tohu tēnei kua heke te kounga),
– kua heke te mahi a ngā kararehe, engari kāore he take mārama.
8. Kōwhiria he kaiwhakarato pono, ā, kia aro ki te ōritetanga o te tuku.
Ehara i te mea ko te kounga o ngā rauemi mata he hoko kotahi noa iho, engari he rite tonu. Ko ngā kaiwhakarato pai te tikanga:
– me whai paerewa whakarōpūtanga me te rokiroki,
– te āheinga ki te whakarato i ngā raraunga whakatakotoranga,
– e whakaae ana ki ngā amuamu mēnā he raruraru,
– kia mau tonu te kounga i waenga i ngā puranga.
Kaua e whakawaia e ngā utu iti me te kore tirotiro. Ka nui te utu o ngā rerekētanga utu iti ina pāngia ngā kararehe e te mate, ina puhoi rānei tō rātou tipu. Puritia ngā tuhinga a ngā kaiwhakarato: te kounga, te rā tae mai, te āhua i te taenga mai, me te pānga ki te mahi a ngā kararehe.
9. Whakatinanahia te whakahaere tika mō te whiwhi me te rokiroki
Ka kino pea ngā rauemi pai mēnā he ngoikore te whakahaere whare putunga. Ētahi mātāpono nui:
– Whare putunga maroke, pai te hauhautanga, kāore he turuturu, he wai rānei e mimiti ana.
– Whakamahia he papa, kaua e whakatakoto tika ngā pēke ki runga i te papa.
– Te pūnaha FIFO (tuatahi ki roto, tuatahi ki waho) kia whakamahia tuatahitia ai ngā rauemi tawhito.
– Whakahaerehia ngā pepeke kino (kiore, puruhi, pepeke) nā te mea haunga ngā rauemi kino, he mate anō hoki ā rātou.
– Wehea ngā kai kakara kaha pērā i te paraoa ika hei ārai i te poke o ētahi atu kai.
Mā te rokiroki pai ka mau tonu te kounga, ā, ka whakaiti i te ngaronga.
10. Aromatawai i ngā hua i te mara: te mahi a ngā kararehe hei tohu
Hei whakamutunga, ka kitea te kounga o ngā rauemi mata i roto i te mahi a ngā kararehe. Aroturukihia ngā tohu pēnei i:
– te kai whāngai,
– te pikinga o te taumaha, te whakaputanga miraka/hua manu rānei,
– te āhua o te tūtae,
– he huruhuru/kiri hauora,
– te auau mate, te auau mate rānei.
Ki te heke te kounga i muri i te whakawhiti rauemi, kaua e whakapae noa i te kaiwhakahaere tiaki — tirohia anō te kounga o ngā rauemi mata e tae mai ana.
Te Katinga
Ko te whiriwhiri i ngā kai kai kararehe kounga teitei me whai i te mātauranga kai, te tirotiro tinana tino tika, te mataara ki ngā tūponotanga o te harore me ngā poke, me te whakahaere rokiroki matatau. Mēnā he pai ngā rauemi mata, ka whai hua ake ngā hanganga kai, ka ora ake ngā kararehe, ā, ka pumau ake ngā hua pakihi. Kia maumahara, ehara i te mea ko te kai anake te whakapaunga nui rawa atu i runga i te pāmu, engari ko te haumi nui rawa atu hoki ki te hua.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina i a koe ki te hanga i tētahi rārangi arowhai mō te whiwhi kai mata i te whare putunga, ki te whakarite rānei i tēnei tuhinga mō ngā momo kararehe motuhake (heihei, kau, koati, ika) kia tika ake ai.
