Te Hītori o te Matawhenua: Mai i a Aristotle ki ngā Satellite Matatau
Kua tino whanake te matawhenua, te pūtaiao e ako ana i ngā āhuatanga o te hau, i roto i te wā. He haerenga whakamiharo, mai i ngā mātakitakitanga māmā ki te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau matatau pēnei i ngā amiorangi. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga te hītori o te matawhenua, he haerenga kī tonu i ngā kitenga me ngā mahi auaha.
Te Matatini Āhuarangi Matarohia (I mua i te rautau 18)
Ka taea te whai i te hītori o te matawhenua i Kariki Tawhito. Ko Aristotle tētahi o ngā tino tangata o tēnei wā, nāna i tuhi te pukapuka "Meteorologica" i te tau 340 BC pea. I tuhia e tēnei pukapuka ngā āhuatanga o te āhuarangi pērā i te hau, te ua, te uira, me te kohu. Ahakoa kāore i tino tika ngā ariā a Aristotle, koinei te pūtake mō te māramatanga wawe ki te huarere me te āhuarangi.
Nō muri mai, i te rautau 2 BC, ka whakarārangihia e Hipparchus o Nicaea ngā whetū, ā, ka kitea te hekenga o ngā equinox, i taea ai te tatau tika ake i te maramataka. I taua wā anō, ka tīmata te iwi Hainamana ki te tuhi pūnaha i te huarere me te āhuarangi, ā, ka whai wāhi nui ki te tātaritanga huarere o mua.
Wā Waenganui (rautau 9 ki te 16)
I te wā o te Ihirama, i koha mai ngā kaipūtaiao pērā i a Al-Kindi rāua ko Ibn Sina (Avicenna) i ngā māramatanga nui ki te matawhenua. I roto i āna mahi "The Book of Healing" me "The Canon of Medicine," i whakamārama a Ibn Sina i ngā āhuatanga o te āhuarangi, ā, i ngana hoki ki te mārama ki ngā tukanga e pā ana ki aua āhuatanga.
I Ūropi, i kawea mai e te kaupapa Renaissance o te rautau 16 ngā auahatanga o te pūtaiao. He maha ngā whakamātautau a Leonardo da Vinci e pā ana ki te āhuarangi, ahakoa kāore i mārama te nuinga o āna mahi tae noa ki muri i tōna matenga. I hangaia te paeromita tuatahi e Evangelista Torricelli i te tau 1643, kia tika ake ai ngā inenga o te pēhanga hau .
Te Wā o te Māramatanga (rautau 17 ki te 19)
I puta ngā whanaketanga nui o te matawhenua i te wā o te Māramatanga. Nā te hanganga o te paeromita, te inemahana, me te hygrometer i āhei ai ngā kaipūtaiao ki te ine tika ake i ngā tawhā āhuarangi. I whakahaerehia e Robert Hooke rāua ko Robert Boyle i Ingarangi ngā whakamātautau hei mārama ki te pēhanga āhuarangi me tōna whanaungatanga ki te āhuarangi.
I te tau 1735, i whakaarohia e George Hadley tētahi ariā mō te tohanga hau i te āhuarangi e mōhiotia ana ko te "Pūtau Hadley." I whakamāramahia e tēnei ariā te nekehanga o ngā hau hokohoko i ngā rohe wera me ngā rohe iti, ā, he pūtake nui tēnei mō te ariā o te whakawhiti hau. I te rautau 19, i whakawhanakehia e ngā tāngata pēnei i a Carl-Gustaf Rossby rāua ko William Ferrel ngā tauira uaua ake mō te tohanga hau.
Te Wā Hou (Rautau 20)
Ko te rautau 20 te wā hou o te matawhenua huarere me ngā whanaketanga hangarau me ngā tikanga tātari. Nā te hanganga o te poihau huarere i te tīmatanga o te rautau i taea ai te ine poutū i te āhuarangi i ngā teitei rawa atu.
I ngā tau 1920, i whakawhanakehia e te tohunga ariā o Nōwei, a Vilhelm Bjerknes, me tana tīma te ariā o ngā taha mua, i wehewehe i waenga i ngā papatipu hau mahana me ngā hau makariri, me te āhua o tā rāua taunekeneke hei whakaputa i te huarere. Nā tēnei i whakauru mai te ariā o te taha mua, e whakamahia tonutia ana i roto i te matapae huarere o ēnei rā .
Nā te whakamahinga o te radar i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao i āwhina ki te kimi i te ua me te mārama ake ki ngā awha. I muri i te pakanga, ka noho te radar huarere hei taputapu nui mā ngā tohunga huarere, ā, ka taea ai te kimi wawe i ngā awha me ētahi atu pūnaha huarere.
Te Whanaketanga o ngā Amiorangi me ngā Rorohiko (I muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao ki nāianei)
I puta mai tētahi hurihanga nui i roto i te matawhenua i te whakarewatanga o te amiorangi tirotiro huarere tuatahi, TIROS-1, e te Hononga o Amerika i te tau 1960. Nā tēnei amiorangi i whakarato ngā whakaahua kapua tuatahi o te ao, i taea ai te aroturuki i te huarere o te ao i te wā tūturu. Kua tere te tipu o te whakamahinga o ngā amiorangi huarere, ā, i nāianei he mahi nui tā ngā amiorangi pēnei i a NOAA, GOES, me METEOSAT i roto i te tirotiro me te matapae huarere.
He mea nui anō hoki ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau rorohiko i te haurua tuarua o te rautau 20. Nā te taenga mai o ngā rorohiko, i tino tika ake ngā tauira huarere tau , e whakamahi ana i ngā ture ahupūngao hei matapae i ngā whanonga o te āhuarangi. Ko ngā tauira o te Global Forecast System (GFS) me te European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) he tauira o te whakamahinga o ngā rorohiko nui mō te matapae huarere o te ao.
Te Āhua o te Huarere o Nāianei
I ēnei rā, kei mua te matawhenua i te pūtaiao me te hangarau. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tauira tau, ngā raraunga amiorangi, te radar Doppler, me ngā teihana huarere aunoa ka taea te matapae huarere tika ake, wawe ake hoki. Ko te huringa āhuarangi me te ako i ngā tauira huarere tino kino he wāhanga nui anō hoki o te matawhenua o ēnei rā.
Ko tētahi o ngā tono hou kei roto i ngā mara o ngā raraunga nui me te ako mīhini, e āhei ai te tātari i ngā raraunga huarere i runga i te tauine kāore i kitea i mua. Ka whakamahia e ngā kaupapa pēnei i te Climate Prediction Center me te Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ēnei raraunga hei mārama me te whakaiti i ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi.
Te Katinga
Ko te hītori o te matawhenua he kōrero mō te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao mā te tirotiro, te whakamātautau, me te hangarau. Mai i ngā tirotiro ngāwari a Aristotle ki te whakamahinga o ngā amiorangi me ngā rorohiko nui, kua tata mai ia taahiraa ki te māramatanga whānui ake mō te pūnaha āhuarangi matatini. Kei te whanake tonu te matawhenua, ā, kei te urutau ki ngā wero hou, tae atu ki te huringa āhuarangi o te ao, ā, he mara hihiri, he mea nui hoki i roto i te pūtaiao hou.
