Ngā Tikanga mō te Hanga Konganuku mai i te Ore mō te Whakamahinga Ahumahi
Ko te whakaputanga o ngā konganuku mai i ngā konganuku he tūāpapa nui mō ngā momo rāngai ahumahi, mai i te hanga me te motuka ki te pūngao me te hikohiko. Tata ki ngā rauemi konganuku katoa e whakamahia ana e te tangata i ahu mai i ngā kohuke i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua, me tukatuka mā roto i te raupapa o ngā mahi hangarau kia riro hei konganuku parakore, hei koranu rānei me ngā āhuatanga miihini me te matū e hiahiatia ana. Ko tēnei tukanga, e mōhiotia ana ko te mahi whakarewa tango, e uru ana ki te keri, te whakarite konganuku, te wehenga o ngā kohuke utu nui, te tango konganuku, me te whakamahine. I roto i te mahi ahumahi, ko te whiriwhiri tikanga he mea nui te awe o te momo konganuku, te nui o te konganuku, ngā poke, te ōhanga, ngā whakaritenga pūngao, me te pānga ki te taiao.
1. Ngā Āhuatanga o te Kohatu me te Whakatau i te Tikanga Tango
Ko te konganuku he toka, he kohuke rānei kei roto he konganuku i roto i ngā kukū teitei hei keri me te tukatuka ōhanga. Ka kitea pea te konganuku hei waikura (hei tauira, Fe₂O₃ i roto i te hematite), hei whanariki (hei tauira, CuFeS₂ i roto i te chalcopyrite), hei kāponāte (hei tauira, ZnCO₃ i roto i te smithsonite), hei huānga kore utu rānei (hei tauira, koura). Me rerekē te huarahi e hiahiatia ana mō ia āhua matū. He ngāwari noa te whakaiti i ngā konganuku waikura ki te konganuku, ko ngā konganuku whanariki ia me tunua kia huri ai te whanariki ki te waikura i mua i te whakaiti, te whakarewa rānei.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko te nui o te konganuku me te momo gangue (te toka poke pērā i te silica, te alumina, te kohatu uku rānei) e whakatau ana i te rautaki wehewehe. He maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he kukū kaha ake mō ngā konganuku iti-kounga kia pai ai te tangohanga i muri mai. I roto i te ahumahi hou, ka mahia ngā tātaritanga kohuke me ngā tātaritanga matū (hei tauira, XRF, XRD, whakamātautau rānei) hei whakatau i te huarahi tukatuka pai rawa atu.
2. Te Whakarite i te Kohatu: Te Kuru me te Mira
Ko te wāhanga tuatahi o te tukatuka konganuku i te wheketere ko te whakaiti i te rahi hei tango i ngā kohuke whai hua mai i te gangue. Ko te tikanga ka tīmata tēnei tukanga mā te kuru mā te whakamahi i te mīhini kuru kauae, i te mīhini kuru kōne rānei kia tae ki te rahi o ētahi henimita. Whai muri i tēnei ka kuru mā te whakamahi i te mira pōro, i te mira SAG rānei kia tae ki ngā rahi matūriki angiangi ake, i ētahi wā ka tae ki ngā tekau maikoroni, i runga i ngā whakaritenga o te tukanga wehenga.
Ko te kī ki te angitu i tēnei wā ko te whakataurite i waenga i te tukunga o ngā kohuke me te whakapaunga pūngao. Mā te huri rawa i te mea he pai rawa te huri ka piki ake ngā utu hiko, ka uaua ake hoki te wehewehe, engari mā te huri rawa he mea nui ka herea ngā kohuke ki te hononga, ka whakaiti i te whakaora.
3. Te Whakapūtanga o te Kohuke: Te Wehewehenga o ngā Kohuke Utu Nui
Kia ea te rahi o te matūriki, ka whakanikonikohia te konganuku mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga kukū hei whakanui ake i te nui o te konganuku. Ko ētahi o ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
1. Te whakamānu (te whakamānu pahuka)
He tino whai hua mō ngā konganuku whanariki pērā i te parahi, te mata, me te konutea. Ko te kaupapa matua he whakamahi i ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga o te mata o ngā kohuke. Ka hangaia e ētahi matūkai he kohuke wai-kore, ka piri ki ngā mirumiru hau, kātahi ka mānu hei pahuka, ka kohia hei matū kukū.
2. Te wehenga ā-papatipu
Ka whakamahia ina he rerekētanga nui te mātotoru, pērā i ngā konganuku koura parakore, te cassiterite (SnO₂), ētahi kohuke rino rānei. Ko ngā taputapu ka taea te whakamahi hei jig, hei concentrator porowhita, hei tēpu rūrū rānei.
3. Wehenga aukume
He pai mō ngā kohuke aukume pērā i te aukumeiti (Fe₃O₄) mō te wehewehe rānei i ētahi poke. Ka taea te whakarerekē i te kaha aukume mai i te iti ki te teitei i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te kohuke.
4. Te horoi me te whakarōpū
Mō ētahi konganuku, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā poke o te uku mā te horoi. I taua wā, ka taea te whakarōpū ā-ringa, te whakamahi rānei i te whakarōpū e ahu mai ana i te pūoko hei wehewehe i ngā toka iti te kounga i mua i te tukatuka anō.
Ko te hua o tēnei wāhanga he konganuku kukū me ngā para (toenga) whai kiko i te konganuku me whakahaere haumaru.
4. Pyrometallurgy: Te Tango i ngā Konganuku mā te Wera Nui
Ko te pyrometallurgy te tikanga tango konganuku mā roto i ngā tauhohenga pāmahana teitei, ko te nuinga o te wā ko te rewa me te whakaiti. Koinei te poutokomanawa o te hanga rino me te maha o ngā konganuku kore-ferrous.
a. Te Tunu me te Whakapūkara
– Te tunu: te whakamahana i te konganuku whanariki ki te hāora hei whakaputa i ngā waikura me te SO₂. Tauira: te tukatuka i te kukū konupūmā whanariki i mua i te whakarewa.
– Te whakapūkara: te whakamahana i ngā kāponāte, i ngā hauwai rānei hei tuku i te CO₂, i te H₂O rānei, hei tauira, i roto i ētahi o ngā konganuku konutea.
b. Te Whakarewa me te Whakaiti
I roto i te tukanga whakarewa, ka konatunatua te konganuku, te konganuku kukū rānei ki tētahi matū whakaiti (pērā i te kōka, i te waro rānei) me tētahi wai rere (pērā i te kōhatu ā-papa), kātahi ka whakamahanatia ki roto i te oumu. Ka āwhina te wai rere ki te here i ngā poke ki roto i te para, ka wehea mai i te konganuku rewa.
Ko te tauira rongonui ko te oumu pupuhi mō te rino: ka whakaitihia te konganuku rino e te hauota waro hei rino wai (konganuku wera), ko te silica me ētahi atu poke ka hanga para me te CaO mai i te kōhatu kōhatu.
c. Te Huringa Tuatahi me te Whakapaipai
I roto i te parahi, ko te tikanga ka puta he matte (he ranunga o ngā sulfide) i te whakarewa, ka hurihia hei whakanui ake i te nui o te parahi. Kia huri ai te rino hei maitai, ka tukatukahia te konganuku wera i roto i te Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) te Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) rānei hei whakaiti i te waro me te whakahaere i te hanganga o te koranu.
He tino pai te pyrometallurgy mō te kaha nui me te tere o te tukanga, engari me nui te kaha me ngā pūnaha whakahaere tukunga (puehu, SO₂, CO₂).
5. Te Whakarewa Wai: Te Tango i ngā Konganuku mā roto i ngā Whakaotinga
Ka whakamahia e te hydrometallurgy te whakarewatanga whiriwhiri o ngā konganuku mai i te kōhatu ki roto i te otinga (te whakarewa), kātahi ka whakahokia mai ngā konganuku mā te whakamakuku, te tango whakarewa, te wini hiko rānei. He maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria tēnei tikanga mō ngā kōhatu iti te kounga, ngā kōhatu matatini rānei.
a. Te horoi
Ko te momo tātā e whakawhirinaki ana ki te konganuku me te kohuke:
– Te waikawa whanariki mō ētahi waikura parahi, ngā laterite rānei.
– Te whakakoi i te koura me te hiriwa (me te whakahaere haumaru tino pakari).
– Te tango i te kawakawa mō te bauxite (ka puta te alumina mā te tukanga Bayer).
Ka taea te mahi tātā i roto i te puranga tātā, i te tāke tātā (tauhohenga), i te autoclave pēhanga rānei mō ngā tauhohenga e hiahia ana ki te pāmahana/pēhanga teitei.
b. Te Wehenga me te Whakaora i te Mea Whakarewa
Kia rewa te konganuku, me pure te otinga mai i ngā poke:
– Mā te Tangohanga Whakarewa (SX) ka wehea ētahi katote whakarewa mā te whakamahi i ngā whakarewa waro.
– Mā te ua ka puta ngā konganuku, ngā poke rānei mā te whakarerekē i te pH me ngā matū.
– Ka whakatakotohia e te electrowinning (EW) te konganuku ki runga i te cathode mā te iahiko hiko, hei tauira i roto i te parahi SX-EW e whakaputa ana i te cathode he nui te ihirangi Cu.
He tino whiriwhiri te mahi whakarewa wai, ā, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau, engari me pai te whakahaere i ngā wai para me te pumau o ngā para.
6. Te Whakarewa Hiko: Te Hanga me te Whakamahinga Hiko
Ka whakamahia e te hangarau whakarewa hiko te iahiko hiko hei whakaputa, hei whakapai rānei i ngā konganuku. E rua ngā whakamahinga nui:
1. Te hikohiko tote rewa
Whakamahia mō te konumohe. Ka whakarewaina te Alumina (Al₂O₃) ki roto i te cryolite rewa, kātahi ka whakamātauria ki te hiko (te tukanga Hall-Héroult). He tino nui te pūngao e hiahiatia ana i tēnei tikanga, engari kua noho hei paerewa ahumahi nā te mea he uaua ki te whakaiti tika i te konumohe ki te waro.
2. Te Whakamahinga Hiko
Te whakapai i ngā konganuku pēnei i te parahi: ka rewa te anode parahi poke, ā, ka tau te parahi parakore ki runga i te katote. Ka taea te kohi i ngā poke nui pēnei i te koura, te hiriwa rānei hei paru anode, ā, ka tukatukahia anō.
He tino pai te hangarau hiko whakarewa ki te whakaputa i te parakore teitei, engari e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te hiko e wātea ana me te tino whakahaere tukanga.
7. Te Whakahaere Kounga, te Whakakotahitanga, me te Hanga o ngā Hua Ahumahi
Kāore i te maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tika ngā konganuku kua tangohia, me te kore he whakarerekētanga hanganga. Ko te tikanga, ka tāpirihia e ngā ahumahi ngā huānga whakarewa hei whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga motuhake: te chromium me te nickel hei ātete ki te waikura i roto i te maitai kore waikura, te konupūmā me te silicon rānei i roto i ngā whakarewa konumohe hei whakapakari me te hanga. Ko ētahi atu tukatuka ko te tango hau, te tango whanariki, me te whakahaere hāora me te hauota. Kātahi ka hangaia te hua mā te whakarewa, te hurihuri, te hanga, te whakaputa rānei i runga i ngā hiahia o te mekameka tuku ahumahi.
8. Ngā Āhuatanga Taiao me te Oranga Tonutanga
He nui ngā wero kei te pā ki te umanga tango konganuku: ngā tukunga CO₂ mai i ngā tukanga wera, ngā tukunga SO₂ mai i ngā konganuku whanariki, me te whakahaere i ngā paru. Nō reira, ko ngā hangarau hou ko te hopu whanariki hei whakaputa waikawa whanariki, te whakamahinga o te pūngao whakahou i roto i te hikohiko, te hangarua wai tukanga, me te whakau i ngā paru ki ngā paerewa haumaru teitei. Hei tāpiri, ko te hangarua konganuku (te mahi konganuku tuarua) kei te piki haere te hiranga hei whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki te konganuku tauhou me te whakaiti i te tapuwae waro.
Te Katinga
Ko te tukanga whakaputa konganuku mai i ngā konganuku mō te whakamahinga ahumahi he raupapa tukanga uaua, honohono hoki: mai i te whakarite me te kukū, ki te pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, me te electrometallurgy. He rerekē te ara o ia konganuku i runga i ngā āhuatanga matū o te kohuke me ngā tono ōhanga me te taiao. Mā te whanaketanga hangarau, kei te anga tonu te umanga ki ngā tukanga whai hua ake, whiriwhiri, me te pumau ake—kia taea ai te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia konganuku mō te whanaketanga me te auahatanga me te kore e whakararu i te haumaru me te pumau o te taiao.
