Ngā Whakamahinga o te Konukōre Platinum i roto i te Ahumahi Matū
He konganuku utu nui te konukawata (Pt) e whai wāhi nui ana ki te umanga matū hou. Ahakoa e mōhiotia whānuitia ana hei rauemi whakapaipai utu nui, ko ngā whakamahinga matua o te konukawata kei roto i te rāngai ahumahi, nā ōna āhuatanga ahurei: te ātete ki te waikura, te pumau o te pāmahana teitei, me tōna whakakorikori tino whai hua. I roto i ngā tukanga matū maha, ko te konukawata te "ngakau" o ngā tauhohenga nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakatere i ngā tauhohenga me te kore e pau. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā whakamahinga o te konganuku konukawata i roto i te umanga matū, e kapi ana i ōna tono matua, ngā take hangarau mō tōna kōwhiringa, me ngā wero me ngā whai wāhitanga o tōna whakamahinga.
Ngā Āhuatanga o te Platinum e Whai Hua ana ki te Ahumahi Matū
Ko te whai huatanga o te konupūmā i ahu mai i ōna āhuatanga ā-tinana me ā-matū tino pai. Tuatahi, he tino ātete te konupūmā ki te waikura. He maha ngā tukanga ahumahi e whakamahi ana i ngā waikawa kaha, i ngā matū whakahāora, i ngā taiao tauhohe rānei ka taea te kino i ngā konganuku noa. Ka noho pumau te konupūmā i raro i ēnei āhuatanga, ā, he pai mō ngā taputapu, mō ngā wāhanga rānei e mahi ana mō ngā wā roa. Tuarua, he teitei te ira rewa o te konupūmā (tata ki te 1.768 °C). Mā tēnei ka taea e ia te tu atu ki ngā mahi pāmahana teitei me te kore e tere te ngaro o te kaha, o te hanganga rānei. Tuatoru, he tino whai hua te konupūmā mō ngā tauhohenga whakahāora me te hauwai. Ko tana mimiti mata o ngā ngota tauhohenga ka whakanui ake i ngā tere tauhohenga, ā, ka whakapai ake i te hua me te whai hua o te pūngao.
Te Konukawata hei Whakakorikori i roto i te Hanga Waikawa Hauota (Tukanga Ostwald)
Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga nui rawa atu o te konukawata i roto i te umanga matū ko te mahi whakakorikori i roto i te hanga waikawa hauota (HNO₃) mā te Tukanga Ostwald. Ka tīmata tēnei tukanga mā te whakakōkiritanga o te haukini (NH₃) ki te hauota monoxide (NO) i ngā pāmahana teitei mā te whakamahi i tētahi whakakorikori karāhe konukawata, he maha ngā wā ka honoa ki te rhodium (Pt-Rh). Ko te tauhohenga matua ko:
4 NH₃ + 5 O₂ → 4 NO + 6 H₂O
Kātahi ka whakahāngaihia te NO ki te NO₂, ā, ka mimitia ki te wai hei hanga i te waikawa hauota. He mea nui ngā whakakōkī konukawata nā te mea he nui te huringa me te whiriwhiri, ka hua ake he hua tino pai mō te ahumahi. Ki te kore te whakakōkī tika, ka puhoi ake te tauhohenga, ā, ka nui ake ngā hua taha kāore e hiahiatia. He nui te whakawhirinaki o ngā tongi, ngā mea pahū, me ngā momo ahumahi matū rerekē ki te waikawa hauota, ā, he mea nui te tūranga ā-kore o te konukawata i roto i te mekameka tuku matū o te ao.
Kaiwhakaoho Platinum i roto i te Tukanga Whakahou me te Hanga Hauwai
I roto i ngā ahumahi matū hinu me ngā matū taketake, e whakamahia whānuitia ana te konukawata hei whakakorikori i roto i te tukanga whakahou, ko te nuinga hei whakanui ake i te whakatauranga octane o te penehīni me te whakaputa i ngā matū kakara. I roto i te whakahounga whakakorikori, ka tautokona te konukawata ki runga i te alumina (Pt/Al₂O₃) ā, ka āwhina i ngā tauhohenga pēnei i te dehydrogenation, te isomerization, me te cyclization. Haunga te whakapai ake i te kounga wahie, ka puta hoki i tēnei tukanga te hauwai hei hua taha, he mea nui i roto i te ahumahi matū.
Ko te hauwai te rauemi mata matua mō te hanga haukini (Tukanga Haber-Bosch), te methanol, me ngā momo tukanga hauwai. I te pikinga ake o te hiahia mō te hauwai—mō te ahumahi me te whakawhiti pūngao—he wāhanga nui tonu ngā whakakorikori e ahu mai ana i te konupūmā ki te arotau i te hanga hauwai me ngā tukanga purenga, ahakoa kei te whakawhanake tonu te ahumahi i ngā whakakorikori rerekē iti ake te utu.
Te Tūranga o te Platinum i roto i ngā Tauhohenga Hauwai me te Waikura i roto i te Ahumahi Matū Pai
I roto i te hanga matū pai, rongoā, me ētahi matū hinu, ka whakamahia te konukawata hei whakakorikori mō te hauwai (tāpiri hauwai) me ngā tauhohenga waikura whakahaeretia. Hei tauira, i roto i ētahi tukanga, ka āwhina te konukawata ki te huri i ngā matū kore-māku ki ngā matū māku me te whiriwhiringa teitei. Ka whakamahia hoki ngā whakakorikori konukawata i roto i te hanga o ētahi takawaenga matū e hiahia ana ki ngā tikanga tauhohenga ma, pumau, me te taea te whakaputa anō.
Ko ngā painga o te Platinum i tēnei wāhanga ko tōna pumau me tōna kaha ki te mahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga "hoa" ki te whakataurite ki ētahi atu whakakorikori, ā, ka whakaitihia te hanganga o ngā hua taha. I roto i te umanga matū pai, he mea nui te whiriwhiringa nā te mea ka pā ki te utu o te whakamahine i te hua whakamutunga. Ko te nui ake o te whiriwhiringa o te whakakorikori, ko te iti ake o te para, ā, ko te teitei ake o te whai huatanga o te tukanga.
Platinum mō ngā Taputapu Taiwhanga me ngā Wāhanga Tukanga Matū
Haunga tōna whakamahinga hei whakakorikori, ka whakamahia hoki te konukawata i roto i te āhua whakarewa, i te āhua koranu rānei hei rauemi mō ētahi taputapu nā tōna ātete ki ngā matū kaha. I roto i ngā taiwhanga me ngā taiao ahumahi, ka kitea te konukawata i roto i ngā oko whakarewa mō te tātari pāmahana teitei, ngā irahiko, me ngā taputapu e hiahia ana ki ngā rauemi kore mahi. I roto i ētahi tono tino motuhake—hei tauira, te tātari matū e hiahia ana ki ngā ipu ātete wera me ngā ipu kore-tauhohe—he kōwhiringa pai te konukawata, ahakoa te utu nui.
I roto i te ahumahi, ka taea te whakamahi i te konukawata i roto i ngā pūoko, i ngā wāhanga taputapu tukatuka rānei. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia e ētahi momo thermocouples te konukawata nā te mea he pumau ōna āhuatanga hiko i ngā pāmahana teitei, ā, ka āwhina i te ine tika i te pāmahana i roto i ngā tauhohenga, i ngā oumu ahumahi rānei. He mea nui tēnei tika o te ine nā te mea he tino tairongo te nuinga o ngā tauhohenga matū ki ngā rerekētanga pāmahana.
Matū Hiko: Te Konukawata i roto i ngā Tukanga me ngā Hangarau e Hangai ana ki te Tauhohenga Hiko
I roto i te matū hiko, e mōhiotia ana te konukawata hei hiko pai rawa atu nā ōna āhuatanga kore mahi me te kawe hiko teitei. Ka whakamahia ngā hiko konukawata i roto i ngā whakamātautau hiko maha, ngā pūtau hiko matū, me ngā tukanga ahumahi e hiahia ana ki ngā rauemi hiko kore e rewa me te ātete ki te waikura. I roto i ētahi tukanga, ka āwhina ngā hiko konukawata ki te pupuri i te parakore o te hua mā te ātete i te tukunga o ngā katote konganuku ka taea te whakapoke i ngā hua tauhohenga.
Ahakoa te whakataetae o te whakamahinga o te konukawata i roto i te matū hiko ahumahi ki ētahi atu rauemi pēnei i te konukawata kua pania ki te waikura whakarewa rangatira, he mea nui tonu te konukawata mō ngā āhuatanga tukanga tino kino, ina hiahiatia rānei he taumata tino teitei o te pumau.
Ngā Wero o te Whakamahinga o te Konukawata: Te Utu, Te Wātea, me te Hangarua
Ko ngā arai matua ki te whakamahinga o te konukawata ko tōna utu nui me te iti o te wātea. He konganuku onge te konukawata, ā, kei ētahi rohe anake te nui o tana whakaputanga, ā, ka noho ngoikore tana tuku ki ngā raruraru ā-rohe me ngā piki me ngā heke o te mākete. Nō reira, kei te mahi te umanga matū ki te whakaiti i ngā ngaronga konukawata me te whakanui ake i tōna whai huatanga, hei tauira mā te hanga i ngā whakakorikori paparanga-angiangi, te tāpiri i ētahi atu konganuku ki te koranu, te whakamahi rānei i ngā tautoko whakakorikori hei whakanui ake i te horahanga mata hohe.
He rautaki nui te hangarua. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā whakakorikori mata Pt-Rh e whakamahia ana i roto i te tukanga Ostwald, ka puta te ngaronga o te konukawata nā te mimiti, te pakū rānei i ngā pāmahana teitei. Ko te tikanga, ka tāutahia e ngā ahumahi ngā pūnaha hopu e kohikohi ana i ngā matūriki konukawata hei hangarua. Ehara i te mea ka whakaitihia ngā utu anake e tēnei mahi engari ka tautokohia hoki te pumau me te whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao.
Aronga Whakawhanake: Te Whai Hua o te Whakakōkī me ngā Rauemi Rerekē
I te pikinga ake o te tono ahumahi, me te pikinga ake o te pēhanga ki te whakaiti i ngā utu, kei te haere tonu ngā rangahau ki te whakawhanake i ngā whakakorikori rerekē he iti ake te utu, he whakaiti rānei i te nui o te konukawata e hiahiatia ana. Hei tauira, mā te nanotechnology whakakorikori ka taea te whakamahi i te konukawata i roto i ngā rahinga iti rawa engari he whānui rawa te horahanga o te mata, ā, ka mau tonu te kaha whakakorikori teitei. Hei tāpiri, kei te whaihia hoki te whakawhanake i ngā whakakorikori i runga i ētahi atu konganuku whakawhiti pērā i te nikara, te konukōre, ētahi waikura whakauru rānei, ahakoa he uaua tonu te whakakapi i te konukawata mō ētahi tauhohenga e hiahia ana ki te pumau teitei me te whiriwhiringa pakari.
I tētahi atu taha, ko te hiahia mō ngā tukanga matū e pai ake ana ki te taiao kei te akiaki i te arotautanga o ngā whakakorikori konukawata kia mahi i ngā taumata pūngao iti ake, kia iti ake te para, kia pai ake ai te ōhanga ngota. Nō reira, ko te konukawata tonu te arotahi matua mō te auahatanga hangarau tukanga.
Whakamutunga
He whānui, he mea nui hoki ngā whakamahinga o te konganuku konupūmā i roto i te umanga matū, inā koa hei whakakorikori i roto i te hanga waikawa hauota, te whakahounga whakakorikori, me ngā tauhohenga hauwai me te waikura. Haunga tōna tūranga whakakorikori, ka whakamahia hoki te konupūmā i roto i ngā taputapu tukatuka me ngā taputapu e hiahia ana ki te ātete ki te waikura me te pumau i te pāmahana teitei. Ahakoa ngā wero pēnei i te utu nui me te iti o te wātea, kei te aro atu te umanga ki ēnei wero mā te hoahoa whakakorikori whai hua, ngā pūnaha hopu ngaronga konganuku, me ngā kaupapa hangarua. Me ōna āhuatanga ahurei, ka noho tonu te konupūmā hei wāhanga nui i roto i te umanga matū, mō ngā tukanga nui me ngā tono matū pai e hiahia ana ki te tino tika me te whiriwhiri.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia 1000 kupu tonu (kua tata tonu i tēnei wā), tāpirihia he rārangi pukapuka, hangaia rānei he putanga pūtaiao ake me ngā tohutoro me ngā whārite tauhohenga whānui ake.
