Ngā Hua o te Tauhohenga Maillard i roto i te Tunu Kai
I te ao tunu kai, he maha ngā tukanga matū ka puta ina wera te kai. Ko ētahi o ēnei tukanga ka hua ake he panoni ki te kakano, te kakara, me te reka e pai ake ai te kai. Ko tētahi o ngā tauhohenga tino nui, e kōrerohia pinepinetia ana e ngā kaimahi tunu kai me ngā tohunga kai, ko te Tauhohenga Maillard. Ko tēnei tauhohenga te "mea ngaro" kei muri i te kakara o te taro tunua, te kiri parauri o te tītī, me te reka reka o te riki parai. Heoi, ehara i te mea ka pai ake te āhua o te kai te Tauhohenga Maillard - he maha ngā whakamahinga whai hua i roto i te tunu kai me te umanga kai. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā painga tunu kai o te Tauhohenga Maillard, me pēhea te mahi, me pēhea te whakanui ake i tōna whai huatanga.
He aha te Tauhohenga Maillard?
Ko te tauhohenga Maillard he tauhohenga matū i waenga i ngā waikawa amino (ngā poraka hanga o ngā pūmua) me ngā huka whakaiti e puta ana ina werahia te kai, i te nuinga o te wā i ngā pāmahana tata ki te 140–165°C, neke atu rānei, i runga i ngā kai me te taiao tunu kai. Ka puta mai i tēnei tauhohenga he rau ki te mano ngā matū hou e whai wāhi ana ki te tae parauri koura, te kakara tunua, me ngā reka matatini.
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i whakaahuahia tuatahitia tēnei tauhohenga e te kaipūtaiao Wīwī, a Louis-Camille Maillard. Mai i taua wā, kua noho hei mea nui ki te mārama ki te reka o ngā kai wera-maroke maha pērā i te tunutunu, te parai, me te parai.
He mea nui kia wehewehea te tauhohenga Maillard mai i te karameretanga. Ko te karameretanga ko te whakamahana i te huka kia huri te tae me te reka, ko te Maillard ia ko te huka me ngā pūmua. He maha ngā wā ka puta tahi ngā mea e rua, engari ka puta he āhuatanga reka motuhake.
1. Whakarei ake i te kakara me te reka (Whakarei ake i te reka)
Ko te painga nui o te tauhohenga Maillard ko te waihanga i ngā kakara me ngā reka momona ake. Ko ngā matū i hangaia i roto i tēnei tauhohenga ka puta he āhuatanga "tunua," "nati," "tunua," me te "reka" e hoatu ana ki te kai he reka hohonu ake, he reka ake hoki.
Hei tauira:
– Mīti tunua, mīti tītī rānei: he nui ngā matū Maillard kei roto i te kiri parauri i runga i te mata, he reka, he "mīti" hoki te reka.
– Tōhi: ko te kakara motuhake o te taro tunua i ahu mai i tēnei tauhohenga.
– Kawhe me te tiakarete: mā te tunu kawhe me ngā pīni koko ka puta he momo reka matatini e tino awehia ana e Maillard.
Ki te kore te Tauhohenga Maillard, he maha ngā rihi ka koretake te reka, ka "papatahi" rānei, ahakoa kua tino whakaranua.
2. Ka waihanga i tētahi tae parauri koura e tino reka ana ki te mangai
He mea nui te tae mō te mōhio ki te reka. Ka puta mai i te tauhohenga Maillard ngā melanoidin, arā, ngā tae parauri e hoatu ana ki te kai te āhua reka. Nā tēnei āhuatanga "parauri" ka āhua maoa ake te kai, ka pakari ake, ka ātaahua ake.
Ngā tauira tirohanga kaha:
– E kiia ana he reka ake te kiri heihei tunua parauri i te kiri mā.
– E ai ki te mata parauri o ngā pihikete, kua tino maoa.
– Ko te kirinuku parauri o te pīta te tohu o te tukanga tunu kai tino pai.
Ehara i te mea he ātaahua anake te tae; engari he tohu kua hangaia ētahi reka me ngā kakano.
3. Waihangahia he Kakano Ātaahua Ake
He maha ngā wā e hono ana te tauhohenga Maillard ki te hanganga o te kakano pakari, kiripaka rānei i runga i te mata o te kai. Ina pāngia te mata o te kai e te wera nui, ā, ka ngaro te makuku, ka tere ake te tauhohenga Maillard, ka hua ake he paparanga o waho maroke, hanganga.
Tauira:
– Te kirinuku o te taro: he pakari ake te taha o waho i te taha ngohengohe o roto.
– Mīti kua tunua: ka hanga he kirinuku te mata, ka noho waikura tonu te roto.
– Parai parai: he parai i waho, he ngawari i roto—he ranunga tino paingia.
Ka tāpirihia e tēnei kakano he taha pānga ki ngā kare ā-roto, ka nui ake te makona o te wheako kai.
4. Whakakaha i te reka reka (Umami) me te uauatanga
He maha ngā hua Maillard e whakaputa ana i ngā reka e hono ana ki te umami, arā, ngā reka reka hōhonu. Koia te take e taea ai e ngā tukanga pēnei i te parauri i te riki, te tunu harore, te tunu nati rānei te whakarei ake i te reka o te rihi me te kore e tāpiri nui i ngā mea kakara.
I roto i ngā kīhini ngaio, ko ngā tikanga pēnei i te tunutunu, te tunutunu, me te whakatō kai ka whakamahia, ehara i te mea hei whakamāoa noa iho, engari hei hanga hoki i tētahi "reka taketake." Hei tauira:
– Mā te tunu i ngā mea kakara i mua i te huri (i roto i ētahi momo ranu tiri, ranu kari rānei) ka puta he reka matatini ake.
– Mā te parai i te whakapiri tōmato kia pouri rā anō ka whakarei ake i te reka me te kakara o te pīni, ka whakaiti hoki i te kawa mata.
5. Whakapai ake i te Āhua o ngā Hua Tunua me ngā Kai Tukatuka
I roto i te umanga kai, he mahi nui tā te tauhohenga Maillard ki te waihanga i te tuakiri reka o tētahi hua. He maha ngā kai kua tākaihia e whakamahi ana i tēnei tukanga hei whakarei ake i te reka, hei tauira i roto i:
– Paraoa paraoa tunua
– Ngā pihikete me ngā pihikete
– Miraka whakakōkī, miraka paura rānei (i roto i ētahi tukanga)
– Ngā hua mīti tukatuka i tunua ki te oumu
Mā tēnei tauhohenga ka waihanga i tētahi āhua reka ōrite, e mōhiotia ana hoki e ngā kaihoko.
6. Āwhina i te reka o ngā "Poraka Hanga" mō ngā Sōsi me ngā Hupa
I roto i te tunu kai tawhito, ko te pūtake o te reka ka hangaia mā te tukanga parauri. Ko ngā tikanga pēnei i te fondant (te toenga parauri e toe ana i te raro o te paraharaha i muri i te parauritanga o te mīti) he tauira nui o te whakamahinga a Maillard. Ka taea te whakakore i te hukapapa o te fondant ki te hupa, te waina, te wai rānei hei hanga i tētahi ranu momona.
Waihoki i te hanga hupa:
– Mā te tunu i ngā wheua me ngā huawhenua i te tuatahi i mua i te kohua ka pouri ake te tae, ka kaha ake hoki te reka (hei tauira, te hupa parauri).
– Ko te hupa i hangaia mai i ngā wheua tunua he kakara "mīti" ake, he kakara matatini hoki.
Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Tauhohenga Maillard
Hei whakanui ake i ōna painga, he mea nui kia mārama ki ngā āhuatanga e whakateretere ana, e aukati ana rānei i tēnei tauhohenga:
1. Te pāmahana teitei: He tere ake a Maillard i ngā pāmahana teitei.
2. Mata maroke: He arai te wai nā te mea he uaua ki te piki ake te pāmahana o te mata mena kei te mākū tonu.
3. pH kawakore ake: Ka tere ake ngā tauhohenga i te āhua kawakore (hei tauira: te whakamahi i te iti o te houra tunutunu i roto i ētahi tikanga).
4. Wā: He wā te roa hei whakaputa i te tae me te reka e tika ana.
5. Te wātea o te huka me te pūmua: Ki te kore ngā mea e rua, ka iti te pānga Maillard.
Me pēhea te whakanui ake i te tauhohenga Maillard i te wā e tunu ana
Anei ētahi tohutohu whai hua:
– Whakamarokehia ngā kai i mua i te parai, i te parai rānei (pākia te mīti ki te tauera tunu kai).
– Whakamahia te wera nui mō te tunu, engari kia mataara tonu kei wera.
– Kaua e hurihia te mīti i ngā wā katoa; waiho kia puta he kirinuku.
– Kaua e kī rawa te paraharaha kei "werawera" ngā kai, kei korohū rānei.
– Tunua kia pai te rere o te hau (ouma kua whakamahanahia) kia maroke ai te mata.
– Mō ngā aniana, parai mārire kia parauri rā anō kia puta ai te reka me te reka, engari kaua e wera.
Tuhipoka Hiranga: Kaua e Tahuna
Ahakoa ōna painga nui, he rerekē te tunu kai Maillard i te tukanga tunu. Mēnā he teitei rawa te pāmahana, he roa rawa rānei te wā tunu, ka wera te kai, ka puta he reka kawa. Hei tāpiri, mā te tunu nui rawa ka tukuna ngā matū kāore e hiahiatia. Nō reira, ko te mea nui ko te whakatutuki i te parauri tika, kaua te mangu.
Whakamutunga
Ko te tauhohenga Maillard tētahi o ngā tukanga tino kaha i roto i ngā mahi tunu kai, e whakarei ake ana i te reka, te kakara, te tae, me te kakano o te kai. Ka kitea ōna painga mai i te kīhini kāinga ki te umanga kai: te hanga i tētahi kirinuku reka ki runga i te mīti, te hoatu i tētahi kakara reka ki te taro, te whakarei ake i te reka o ngā parai, me te hanga i te āhua o te maha o ngā kai tunua. Mā te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te tauhohenga Maillard me te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tika—pēnei i te whakamaroke i te mata o ngā kai, te whakahaere i te pāmahana, me te tuku wā e ranea ana—ka taea e tātou te hanga i ngā rihi he matatau ake, he momona ake, he reka ake hoki.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te hanga i tētahi putanga pūtaiao ake o tēnei tuhinga (me ngā tohutoro), i tētahi putanga whai hua ake rānei arā, he aratohu tunu kai taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa mō ētahi tahua rongonui.
