He aha te Ture Tiaki i te Papatipu?
Ko te Ture Tiaki i te Papatipu tētahi o ngā ariā tino taketake o te matū me te ahupūngao: kāore e taea te waihanga, te whakangaro rānei i te papatipu, engari ka huri noa i te āhua, ka whakawhitia rānei mai i tētahi matū ki tētahi atu. Arā, i roto i tētahi tauhohenga matū e puta ana i roto i tētahi pūnaha kati, ka ōrite te papatipu katoa i mua i te tauhohenga ki te papatipu katoa i muri i te tauhohenga. He māmā noa iho tēnei mātāpono, engari he hohonu ngā pānga—mai i te āhua o te tuhi a ngā kaipūtaiao i ngā whārite matū, ki te tatau i ngā whakaritenga rauemi, ki te mārama ki ngā tukanga taiao me ngā tukanga ahumahi.
Te Mārama ki te Ture Tiaki i te Papatipu
I te nuinga o te wā, e kī ana tēnei ture:
> “I roto i tētahi tauhohenga matū, he ōrite te papatipu katoa o ngā matū e tauhohe ana ki te papatipu katoa o ngā hua o te tauhohenga, mena kāore he papatipu e puta atu, e tomo rānei ki te pūnaha.”
Ko te tikanga tēnei, ki te paunatia e koe ngā matū tauhohe (ngā matū i mua i te tauhohenga) me ngā hua (ngā matū i muri i te tauhohenga), ka ōrite ngā rahinga, mena ka tatauhia ngā matū katoa, ā, kāore he mea e tukuna ana ki te taiao.
He tauira māmā noa iho: ki te tauhohe koe i te 10 karamu o te matū A me te 5 karamu o te matū B i roto i tētahi ipu kua kati, ā, ka puta he matū C, ko te taumaha o te matū C i hangaia (me ētahi atu hua mēnā he mea) me 15 karamu te tapeke.
He Hītori Poto: Mai i te Whakamātautau ki te Mātāpono Pūtaiao
Ko te ture tiaki i te papatipu e kiia ana i ahu mai i te kaipūtaiao Wīwī a Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794), e mōhiotia ana ko te "Matua o te Matū Hou." I te rautau 18, kāore anō kia mārama te māramatanga ki te mura me ngā tauhohenga matū. He tokomaha te hunga i whakapono ina mura tetahi mea, ka ngaro noa atu ētahi o ōna "matū".
I whakahaerehia e Lavoisier ngā whakamātautau tino matatau i te paunatia o ngā matū i mua atu, ā, i muri mai hoki i ngā tauhohenga, inā koa i roto i ngā pūnaha kati. I whakaaturia e ia i te wā e tahuna ana, kāore te papatipu e ngaro; engari, ka honoa ki tētahi wāhanga o te hau (i muri mai ka mōhiotia ko te hāora). Nā ngā whakatau a Lavoisier i whakatakoto te turanga mō te whānautanga o te matū hou: ka taea te mārama me te tatau i ngā tauhohenga matū mā te rahinga.
He aha te āhua nei "ka ngaro" ai ngā Misa i roto i te oranga o ia rā?
I roto i ngā wheako o ia rā, he maha ngā wā ka kite tātou i te papatipu he kore e "pūmau". Hei tauira, ina tahuna te rakau, ka āhua mimiti haere, ka toe he iti noa te pungarehu. Nō reira, kei hea te toenga o te papatipu?
Ko te whakautu: Ko te nuinga o ngā hua o te tahunga rakau ka hurihia hei hau pērā i te hauhā waro (CO₂), te mamaoa wai (H₂O), me ētahi atu hau ka tukuna ki te rangi. Mēnā ka puta te tahunga i roto i te wāhi tuwhera, ā, ko te pungarehu anake ka paunatia e koe, ka iti ake te ahua o tōna taumaha. Heoi, mēnā ka mahia te tukanga i roto i te ipu kati, ā, ka hopukina, ka paunatia hoki ngā hau katoa, ka noho tonu te taumaha katoa i mua me muri i te tahunga.
Nō reira, ko te "papatipu ngaro" he mea noa iho nā te mea kāore ngā hua o te tauhohenga e kitea katoatia ana, kāore rānei i paunatia katoatia.
Ngā Tauira o te Whakamahinga o te Ture Tiaki i te Papatipu
1. Tauhohenga Hanga Wai
Ka tauhohe te hauwai ki te hāora hei hanga wai:
2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
Ki te tauhohe katoa te 4 karamu o te hauwai ki te 32 karamu o te hāora, ko te wai ka puta ko te 36 karamu. Ko te papatipu ko te 4 + 32 = 36; kāore he mea e ngaro.
2. Tauhohenga Ua
Ina konatunatua te wairewa hiriwa hauota ki te konutai pūhaumāota, ka puta he matūriki o te hiriwa pūhaumāota:
AgNO₃(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO₃(aq)
Ki te paunatia te pūnaha katoa (tae atu ki te otinga me te matūriki), ka noho tonu te papatipu katoa. Ehara te matūriki e puta mai ana i te "papatipu hou"; i ahu mai i te huinga o ngā katote kei roto i te otinga.
3. Ngā Tauhohenga ki ngā Hau i roto i ngā Ipu Katia
Hei tauira, ko te tauhohenga o te winika (asam asetat) me te houra tunutunu (konutai paikāpōnate) ka whakaputa i te hau CO₂:
CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂
Ki te whakahaerehia te tauhohenga i roto i tētahi ipu tuwhera, ka heke te papatipu o te otinga nā te mea ka tukuna te CO₂ ki te rangi. Heoi, ki te whakahaerehia i roto i tētahi pounamu kua kati me tētahi poihau hei pupuri i te CO₂, ka noho tonu te papatipu katoa (poihau + poihau + ngā mea kei roto).
Te Hononga ki ngā Whārite Tauhohenga Matū
Ko te ture tiaki i te papatipu te take matua me taurite ngā whārite matū. Ina taurite tātou i tētahi tauhohenga, ka whakarite tātou kia ōrite te maha o ngā ngota o ia huānga i te taha tauhohenga ki te maha o ngā ngota i te taha hua. Nā te mea kāore te papatipu ngota e ngaro, ka whakarerekētia noa ngā ngota.
Hei tauira, me tuhi te tauhohenga mō te hanganga o te wai penei:
2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
Ki te tuhia ko H₂ + O₂ → H₂O, kāore te maha o ngā ngota hāora i te ōrite (2 ki te taha maui, 1 ki te taha matau). Ka takahi tēnei i te tiakitanga o te papatipu i te taumata ngota.
He Pono Tonu te Ture Tiaki i te Papatipu?
I roto i te matū matarohia me ngā āhuatanga o ia rā, he tino pai te mahi a te ture tiaki papatipu. Heoi, i roto i te ahupūngao hou, inā koa i ngā tauine karihi me te tauine whanaungatanga, kua whakawhānuihia tēnei ariā.
I roto i ngā tauhohenga karihi, ka taea e te papatipu te huri hei pūngao, hei huri rānei i te papatipu hei pūngao, e ai ki te whārite a Einstein:
E = mc²
I roto i ngā tauhohenga pirau karihi, i ngā tauhohenga hanumi/wehenga rānei, ka paku iti iho te papatipu katoa o ngā hua i te papatipu o ngā matū tauhohe. Ka puta tēnei rerekētanga o te papatipu hei pūngao kua tukuna. Heoi, ki te whakaarohia te papatipu + te pūngao katoa, ko te mea e "tiakina" ana ko te pūngao katoa (tiakina pūngao), engari kāore te papatipu i te tino pumau i ngā wā katoa.
Heoi, mō te nuinga o ngā tauhohenga matū noa, he iti rawa te huringa o te papatipu nā te huringa pūngao, ā, kāore e taea te wareware. Nō reira, i ngā taumata mātauranga tuatahi me tuarua, he mātāpono whai mana tonu te ture tiaki papatipu.
Ngā Painga me te Tūranga i roto i te Oranga me te Ahumahi
Ehara i te mea he ariā pukapuka noa iho te ture tiaki i te papatipu. E whakamahia ana tēnei mātāpono i roto i ngā mara maha, tae atu ki:
1. Te Stoikiometry i roto i te matū: te tatau i te nui o ngā matū tauhohe e hiahiatia ana me ngā hua ka puta.
2. Ahumahi matū: te hoahoa i ngā tukanga whakaputa (hei tauira, ngā tongi, ngā rongoā, ngā kirihou) mā te whakamahi i ngā tātaitanga taurite papatipu.
3. Te hangarau taiao: te tatau i ngā parahanga e tomo mai ana, e puta atu ana i roto i tētahi pūnaha, pērā i te maimoatanga wai para.
4. Pūtaiao kai: te matapae i ngā panonitanga o te hanganga o ngā kai i te wā e whakamahanatia ana, e whakapūpūtia ana, e whakamaroke ana rānei.
5. Rongoā: te whakarite kia rite te horopeta me te hanganga o te ranunga rongoā ki ngā paerewa.
I te ao hangarau, e kiia ana tēnei ariā he taurite papatipu: ko te papatipu katoa e tomo ana ki te pūnaha he ōrite ki te papatipu katoa e toe ana i te pūnaha me te/tango i te mea kua rongoatia ki roto i te pūnaha (i runga i te rerekētanga o te pūnaha i roto i te wā).
Whakamutunga
E ai ki te Ture Tiaki i te Papatipu, kāore e taea te hanga, te whakangaro rānei i te papatipu i roto i te tauhohenga matū; ka huri noa i te āhua, ā, ka whakaritea anō. I whakaaturia tēnei mātāpono mā te whakamātautau tupato, inā koa nā Lavoisier, ā, he tūāpapa nui tēnei o te matū hou. Ahakoa ka taea te huri i te papatipu hei pūngao i roto i ngā tauhohenga karihi , he tino tika tonu tēnei ture, ā, he whai hua hoki mō ngā tauhohenga matū o ia rā.
Mā te mārama ki te ture tiaki papatipu, ka māmā ake te mārama he aha me taurite ngā whārite tauhohenga, kei hea te "papatipu ngaro", me te pēhea e mahi ai te matū me te ahumahi i ngā tataunga whakaputa tika.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi putanga "reo kura" ake o te tuhinga (kura tuarua/kura tuarua) he putanga pūtaiao ake rānei, me ngā tauira pātai me ngā kōrero.
