Me pēhea te hanga i tētahi kauwhata tere tauhohenga
He taputapu kaha ngā kauwhata tere tauhohenga mō te tātari me te mārama ki te haere o ngā tauhohenga matū i roto i te wā. Mā te whakamahi i ēnei kauwhata, ka taea e tātou te whai i ngā huringa o te kukū o ngā matū tauhohenga, ngā hua rānei i roto i tētahi tauhohenga matū, me te whakamārama i ngā momo mōhiohio nui, pērā i te tere tauhohenga me te tikanga tauhohenga. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei tuhinga he aratohu taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa mō te hanga i tētahi kauwhata tere tauhohenga, tae atu ki te whakarite raraunga, te tuhi, me te whakamārama i ngā hua.
Pendahuluan
Ko ngā kauwhata tere tauhohenga e ahu mai ana i te kukū me te wā o ngā matū tauhohenga, ngā hua rānei. Mai i ēnei kauwhata, ka taea e tātou te whakatau i ngā tere tauhohenga me te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga e awe ana i a rātou. He tino whai hua tēnei i roto i te matū, te rangahau rongoā, te hangarau matū, me ētahi atu mara e hiahia ana ki te tātari i ngā tauhohenga matū.
Kohikohi raraunga
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ki te tuhi kauwhata i ngā tere tauhohenga ko te kohikohi raraunga tika. Kei roto i ēnei raraunga ngā kukū o ngā matū tauhohenga, ngā hua rānei i ngā wā rerekē. He maha ngā tikanga ka taea te whakamahi hei ine i ēnei kukū:
1. Spectrophotometry: Te ine i te mimiti o te mārama e ngā matū tauhohe, ngā hua rānei i tētahi roangaru motuhake.
2. Tātaitanga: Te whakamahi i ngā tauhohenga matū tāpiri hei whakatau i te kukū o tētahi matū motuhake.
3. Chromatography: Te wehewehe i ngā ranunga me te ine i te kukū o ngā wāhanga mā te kimi.
4. Te ine i te pēhanga hau: Mō ngā tauhohenga hau, ka taea te whakamahi i te ine pēhanga hei ine i ngā huringa o te kukū.
Te Whakarite i ngā Utauta me ngā Rauemi
I mua i te tīmatanga o te kohikohi raraunga, kia tino rite katoa ngā taputapu me ngā rauemi e tika ana. Kei roto i tēnei, engari kāore i te herea ki:
– Ngā matū matū
– Ngā taputapu ine (ngā pipettes, ngā pūrettes, ngā spectrophotometers, me ētahi atu)
– Pīkara, ipu ine, ngongo whakamātautau
– Pūmanawa mō te tātari raraunga (Excel, Origin, me ētahi atu pūmanawa tatauranga rānei)
Kia rite ngā taputapu me ngā rauemi katoa, me whakarite marie te whakamātautau kia tika, kia pono hoki ngā raraunga ka puta.
Tukanga Whakamātautau
Kia oti ngā whakaritenga katoa, whakahaerehia te whakamātautau kia rite ki te tikanga. Anei ngā mahi whānui hei whai:
1. Tīmatanga Tauhohenga: Whakaranua ngā matū tauhohenga i raro i ngā tikanga kua tohua (pāmahana, pēhanga, pH, me ētahi atu).
2. Te Whakamātautau: Tangohia ngā tauira i ngā wā kua whakaritea hei tātari. Me auau ngā wā whakamātautau kia taea ai te hopu i ngā taipitopito o ngā huringa o ngā tere tauhohenga.
3. Ine: Tātarihia tonutia ia tauira mō te kukū o te matū tauhohe, te hua rānei.
4. Te Tuhi Raraunga: Tuhia marietia ngā hua ine katoa, tae atu ki te wā me te arotahi.
Te Tātai Raraunga
Kia oti te kohikohi i ngā raraunga, ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te tuhi i ngā raraunga ki roto i tētahi kauwhata. Anei ngā mahi hei tuhi i tētahi kauwhata tere tauhohenga mā te whakamahi i te Excel hei tauira:
1. Whakauruhia ngā Raraunga ki te Excel: Whakatuwheratia te Excel ka whakauru i ngā raraunga wā ki te pou tuatahi me ngā raraunga kukū ki te pou tuarua.
2. Tīpakohia te Raraunga: Whakamāramahia ngā raraunga kua whakaurua.
3. Waihangahia he Kauwhata: Haere ki te ripa "Whakauru", tīpakohia te "Kauwhata Marara" ka tīpako i te momo kauwhata marara e hiahiatia ana (ko te tikanga kāore he rārangi hono mō ngā raraunga whakamātautau).
4. Ngā Tapanga Kauwhata: Tāpirihia he taitara kauwhata, he tapanga tuaka-x (wā), me te tapanga tuaka-y (kukū).
Tauira raraunga:
| Wā (s) | Kukū (mol/L) |
|—————–|————————-|
| 0 | 1.00 |
| 30 | 0.80 |
| 60 | 0.65 |
| 90 | 0.50 |
| 120 | 0.35 |
Mā ēnei mahi ka puta he kauwhata marara e whakaatu ana i te huringa o te kukū i roto i te wā. Ko tēnei kauwhata te pūtake mō ētahi atu tātaritanga.
Tātaritanga Whakairoiro
Nā te mea kua whiwhi tātou i tētahi kauwhata, ko te mahi whai muri ko te tātari i taua kauwhata kia whiwhi ai i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te tere o te tauhohenga.
1. Te Whakatau i te Tere Tauhohenga: Ka taea te tatau i te tere tauhohenga i tētahi pūwāhi mā te whakatau i te pikinga (te pikinga) o te kauwhata i taua pūwāhi.
2. Te Ritenga o ngā Raraunga: Tirohia te rite o ngā raraunga ki te tauira nekeneke matū e tumanakohia ana (kore, tuatahi, tuarua rānei te raupapa).
– Raupapa Kore: Kāore te tere o te tauhohenga e pā ki te kukū o ngā matū tauhohe. Ko te kauwhata kukū vs. wā he rārangi tika me te pari kino.
– Raupapa Tuatahi: He rite tonu te tere o te tauhohenga ki te kukū o tētahi matū tauhohenga. He rārangi tika te kauwhata ln(kukū) vs. wā.
– Te Raupapa Tuarua: He rite tonu te tere o te tauhohenga ki te tapawhā o te kukū o te matū tauhohenga kotahi, ki te hua rānei o ngā matū tauhohenga e rua. He rārangi tika te kauwhata o te 1/kukū vs. te wā.
3. Te Whakawhānui Raraunga: Mena he tauira nekeneke e tika ana, ka taea e tātou te whakawhānui i ngā raraunga hei matapae i te whanonga tauhohenga i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē.
4. Te Pānga o ngā Taurangi o Waho: Tātarihia te pānga o ngā taurangi o waho (pēnei i te pāmahana, te pH rānei) ki te kauwhata tere tauhohenga. Hei tauira, ka taea e koe te waihanga i ētahi kauwhata i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana rerekē, ka whakataurite i aua kauwhata.
Ngā Hapa me te Whakamana
I muri i te tātari tuatahi, he mea nui kia tirohia mēnā he hapa pea i roto i ngā whakamātautau me te tātari raraunga.
1. Hapa Pūnaha: He āhuatanga anō kei reira hei take mō te hapa ōrite i te taha kotahi? Hei tauira, he hapa whakatikatika i roto i te taputapu ine.
2. Hapa Matapōkere: Te rerekētanga e puta mai ana i ngā inenga takitahi. Ka taea te whakaiti i tēnei mā te inenga anō me te whakamahi i ngā toharite.
3. Whakamana Tikanga: Whakahokia te whakamātautau mēnā e tika ana kia rite tonu ngā raraunga. Whakamahia ētahi atu tikanga hei tirotiro i ngā hua (hei tauira, mēnā i whakamahia e koe te ine irahiko, ngana ki te ine irahiko hei whakamana).
Whakamutunga
He maha ngā mahi hei hanga i tētahi kauwhata tere tauhohenga e hiahia ana kia aro nui ki ngā taipitopito me te tika. Heoi anō, ka taea e ēnei kauwhata te whakarato i ngā māramatanga whai hua ki ngā tikanga tauhohenga me ngā āhuatanga e awe ana i ngā tere tauhohenga matū. Mā te whai i ngā mahi o tēnei tuhinga, ka taea e koe te hanga i ngā kauwhata tika me ngā kauwhata whai kōrero ka whai hua nui ki te rangahau, ki ngā tono mahi rānei.
I roto i te ao matatini o te matū, ka tukuna e ngā kauwhata tere tauhohenga he huarahi tirohanga hei mārama ki ngā whanaketanga o ngā tauhohenga matū, hei whakarei ake i tō tātou mōhiotanga pūtaiao, hei whakatairanga hoki i tō tātou kaha ki te hoahoa me te whakahaere i ngā tukanga matū. Nō reira, hopukia ō taputapu, kohia ō raraunga, ka tīmata ki te tuhi kauwhata hei tūhura i te ao o ngā tere tauhohenga matū!
