Te Āhuatanga o te Hekenga o ngā Ika i te Moana
Ko te hekenga ika i te moana tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino whakamīharo, tino uaua hoki o te taiao. Ko te nekehanga nui o ngā momo ika mai i tētahi rohe ki tētahi atu ka puta i ia wā, i ia wā, e whai ana i ngā tauira o te wā, i ngā huringa whakaputa uri, me ngā āhuatanga taiao e huri haere ana. Ehara i te mea ko ēnei hekenga anake e whakaatu ana i ngā pūkenga whakatere whakamiharo engari he mahi nui anō hoki ki te taurite o ngā pūnaha rauropi moana me te oranga tonutanga o ngā mahi hī ika. I raro i ngā ngaru me ngā ia e āhua marino ana, e huna ana ngā moana i ngā "ara haere" i whaia e ngā ika mō ngā mano tau.
He aha te Hekenga Ika?
I te whakarapopototanga, ko te hekenga ika ko te nekehanga kaha o ngā ika mai i tētahi kāinga ki tētahi atu mō tētahi kaupapa motuhake, pērā i te kimi kai, te whakaputa uri, te karo i ngā kaipahua, te rapu rānei i ngā āhuatanga taiao pai ake. Ka taea te hekenga i ngā tawhiti poto, pērā i te neke mai i ngā wai pāpaku ki ngā wai hohonu, i ngā tawhiti tino tawhiti rānei, tae noa ki te whakawhiti i ngā moana.
Ka puta ētahi hekenga i ia rā (hekenga tiel), ka piki ake ngā ika ki te mata i te pō ki te kai, kātahi ka hoki ki ngā hohonutanga i te awatea. Tērā anō hoki ngā hekenga ā-wā e uru ana ki te neke haere i ngā tawhiti roa, pērā i te neke mai i ngā rohe hauwhā ki ngā āhuarangi mātao ina rerekē te pāmahana o te wai.
Ngā Momo Hekenga Ika
Ka taea te whakarōpū i te āhuatanga o te hekenga o ngā ika i te moana i runga i te ahunga me te ūnga o tā rātou hekenga. Ko ētahi o ngā momo hekenga e kōrerohia pinepinetia ana ko:
1. Te Hekenga Whakaputa Uri (Te Hekenga Whakaputa Uri)
He maha ngā ika e haere ana i tawhiti ki ngā wāhi whakaputa uri motuhake. E rapu ana rātou i ngā wai he motuhake te pāmahana, te tote, me ngā ia hei whakanui ake i te tūponotanga o te oranga o te hua me te torongū. Ko tētahi tauira rongonui ko te tuna, e heke ana ki ngā wāhi whakaputa uri wai mahana.
2. Te Hekenga Whāngai
Ina heke, ina neke rānei ngā pūtake kai o tētahi rohe, ka whai ngā ika i ngā ara o te plankton, ika ririki, me ētahi atu rauropi rānei. Hei tauira, ka whai ngā tātini me te makarera i ngā kukū o te plankton, o te zooplankton rānei, e neke haere ana i te pikinga o te hua o te wai.
3. Te Hekenga Poutū o ia Rā
Koinei tētahi o ngā hekenga nui rawa atu o te ao, e inehia ana e te maha o ngā tāngata takitahi. He maha ngā ika moana hohonu me ngā rauropi ririki e neke ana i te hohonutanga ki te mata i te pō, kātahi ka hoki mai i te awatea. Ka pāngia ēnei nekehanga e te mārama, ngā kaipahua, me te wātea o te kai.
4. Te Hekenga hei Ārai i ngā Āhuatanga Tino Kino
Mā ngā panonitanga o te pāmahana makariri rawa, wera rawa rānei, iti rawa te taumata hāora, me ngā raruraru taiao pēnei i ngā awha ka akiaki i ngā ika ki te heke ki ngā wāhi pumau ake.
Me pēhea te whakatau a ngā ika i te ahunga o te haerenga?
He rite tonu te kaha o ngā ika ki te whakatere i te moana ki te "ā-ira" noa iho, engari he tikanga koiora matatau kei roto. E whakapono ana ngā kaipūtaiao ka whakawhirinaki ngā ika ki ētahi tohu:
– Te papa aukume o te Ao: He maha ngā momo ka taea te kite i ngā papa aukume hei tae atu ki ētahi ara hekenga, he rite ki te kāpehu taiao.
– Ngā ia o te moana me te pāmahana: Ka whakamahia e ngā ika ngā ia hei "huarahi" moana, ka penapena i te pūngao i te wā e neke ana.
– Te kakara: I ētahi momo, mā te mahara ki te "kakara" o ētahi wai ka āwhina i a rātou ki te hoki ki tō rātou wāhi taketake, ki te wāhi whakaputa uri rānei.
– Ngā tohu tirohanga me te mārama: Ka taea te whakamahi i te tūranga o te rā, te kaha o te mārama, me ngā tauira o te mata o te wai hei tohu ahunga.
– Oro me ngā wiri: He whenua oro kei roto i te moana; ka taea e ngā ika te whakamahi i ētahi oro hei tohu tauwāhi.
Ka mahi tahi ēnei pūkenga. Nō reira, ehara te hekenga i te nekehanga matapōkere noa iho, engari he haerenga whai mana i awehia e ngā ira me ngā wheako.
Ngā Tauira o ngā Āhuatanga Hekenga Ika o te Ao
He maha ngā hekenga ika e kukume ana i te aro o te ao nā te mea he nui te pānga ki ēnei hekenga me ngā hekenga whānui.
Ko tētahi tauira ko te hekenga o ngā tuna puru, ka taea e rātou te haere i ngā mano kiromita puta noa i te moana ki te rapu i ngā wāhi kai me ngā wāhi whakaputa uri. Ka taea e ngā tuna te kauhoe tere rawa atu, ā, ka mau tonu te pāmahana o te tinana i te wai e karapoti ana, ka taea ai e rātou te whakatere i ngā wai matao.
I te tonga o Āwherika, ka puta te mea e kiia nei ko te "oma o te sardine" i te takutai o Āwherika ki te Tonga. E miriona ngā sardine e neke ana i roto i ngā kura nunui, e hanga ana i tētahi whakaaturanga whakamiharo, e kukume ana hoki i ngā kaipahua pērā i ngā aihe, ngā mango, me ngā manu moana. Kua riro tēnei huihuinga hei wāhi rongonui mō ngā tūruhi me tētahi pokapū rangahau.
I te rohe o Indo-Moananui-a-Kiwa, ko te hekenga o ngā ika o te moana pērā i te skipjack tuna, te makarela, me te makarela he hononga tata ki ngā wā, ki ngā ia, me te pikinga ake o te wai (te pikinga ake o te wai whai matūkai mai i te hohonutanga ki te mata). Ina piki ake te wai, ka piki ake te hua o te wai , ā, ka whai ngā ika i ngā wāhi whai kai.
Te Tūranga o te Hekenga i roto i ngā Pūnaha Rauropi Moana
He nui te takoha a te hekenga ika ki te taurite o te rauropi. Ina heke ngā ika, ka whakawhitihia e rātou te pūngao me ngā matūkai ki waenga i ngā rohe. Hei tauira, ko ngā kura ika o te moana he hononga i roto i te mekameka kai mai i te plankton ki ngā kaipahua o te tihi. Hei tāpiri, ka āwhina te hekenga ki te hora i ngā ira ki waenga i ngā taupori, me te pupuri i te kanorau ira kia pai ake ai te urutau o ngā momo ki ngā huringa taiao.
Ka pāngia hoki te hua o ngā mahi hī ika e te hekenga. He maha ngā wāhi hī ika e whakawhirinaki ana ki te taenga mai o ngā momo heke i ia wā. Mēnā ka rerekē ngā tauira hekenga, ka heke pea ngā hopunga a ngā kaihao ika, ka neke rānei ō rātou wāhi.
Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Hekenga
Kāore te hekenga o ngā ika e puta me te kore he take. He maha ngā āhuatanga e whakaoho ana, e whakarerekē ana rānei i ngā tauira hekenga o ngā ika, tae atu ki:
– Te pāmahana wai: Ka taea e ngā huringa pāmahana nā ngā wā o te tau, nā ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi rānei pērā i a El Niño me La Niña te huri i ngā ara hekenga.
– Te wātea o te kai: Ko te horapa o te plankton me ngā ika ririki e whakatau ana i te taunga o ngā ika kaipahua.
– Te tote me te kounga o te wai: Ka pāngia te horapa o ngā ika e ngā panonitanga o te tote nā te nui o te ua, te rerenga mai rānei o te wai māori mai i ngā awa.
– Ngā au me te pupū ake: Ka haria e ngā au ngā matūkai, ā, ka awe hoki i ngā ara pūngao o te moana.
– Te pēhanga kaipahua: Ka taea e te noho mai o ngā kaipahua te whakarerekē i te hohonutanga, te whānuitanga rānei o ngā ika.
Mā tēnei huinga o ngā āhuatanga ka noho hihiri te hekenga. Ahakoa i roto i te momo kotahi, ka rerekē pea ngā tauira hekenga i runga i te tau, te rahi, me te āhua o te taupori.
Ngā Wero o te Hekenga Ika i te Ao Hou
Ko te huringa āhuarangi tētahi o ngā tūmomo mōrearea nui ki te hekenga o ngā ika. Ka taea e te mahana o te moana te akiaki i ngā ika ki te heke ki te taha o te moana ki te rapu i ngā pāmahana e tika ana, ka nekehia ngā taupori mai i ngā rohe pārūrū ki ngā rohe pārūrū. Hei tāpiri, ko te waikawa o te moana me te hekenga o ngā taumata hāora i ētahi wāhi (ngā rohe mate) ka taea te whakararuraru i ngā huarahi hekenga.
I tētahi atu taha, ko ngā mahi a te tangata pēnei i te hī ika nui rawa, te parahanga, te whanaketanga takutai, me te haruru o raro i te wai mai i ngā kaipuke me te tūhuratanga pūngao ka whakararuraru hoki i te aronga me te angitu o te hekenga. Ki te kore e tae atu ngā ika ki ngā wāhi whakaputa uri, ka whakararuraruhia te whakaoranga o te taupori, ā, i te mutunga ka tūpono te oranga o te momo.
Ngā Mahi Tiaki me te Whakahaere
Hei pupuri i te āhuatanga hekenga ika e haere tonu ana, me whakahaere e te pūtaiao. Ko ētahi mahi nui ko:
– Te whakatūnga o ngā wāhi tiaki moana i ngā wāhi whakaputa uri me ngā ara hekenga nui.
– Te whakatakoto i ngā wā me ngā rohenga hopunga kia whai wāhi ai ngā ika ki te whakaputa uri.
– Te mahi tahi i waenga i ngā whenua nā te mea he maha ngā huarahi hekenga e whiti ana i ngā rohe moana.
– Te aroturuki mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau pēnei i te tohu amiorangi, te sonar, me te tātari ira hei mārama ki ngā ara hekenga me ngā whanaketanga taupori.
– Te whakaiti i te parahanga me te tiaki i ngā nohoanga kia tautoko tonu ai te kounga o te taiao i te nekehanga me te tipu o ngā ika.
Mā ēnei mahi, ka noho tonu te hekenga o ngā ika hei tukanga taiao e tautoko ana i ngā mea ora o te moana me ngā hiahia o te tangata.
Te Katinga
Ko te āhuatanga o te hekenga ika i te moana he tohu kei raro i ngā tikanga hanganga o ngā mea ora o te moana, ā, e awehia ana e ngā wā, e ngā ia, e te pāmahana, me ngā matea koiora. I roto i ā rātou haerenga hekenga, ka hangaia e ngā ika he rere o te pūngao me ngā matūkai e tautoko ana i ngā pūnaha rauropi, ā, hei tūāpapa ōhanga hoki mō ngā hapori takutai maha. Heoi, ko te huringa āhuarangi me ngā pēhanga tangata e whakararu ana i te haere tonu o ēnei tauira hekenga kua roa nei. He mea nui te mārama, te tiaki, me te whakahaere i ngā ara hekenga ika ki te pupuri i te moana whai hua me te taurite mō ngā whakatupuranga o nāianei me ngā whakatupuranga o muri mai.
