Te Whakatauira Tukanga Whakaputa mō te Whai Hua
I waenganui i te whakataetae ahumahi e kaha haere ana, me whakaputa e ngā kamupene hanga he hua kounga rite tonu, he iti ngā utu, he poto hoki ngā wā whakaputa. Ko te wero kei roto i te uaua o ngā tukanga whakaputa, e uru ana ki ngā mīhini maha, te mahi, te rere o ngā rauemi, te rerekētanga o te tono, tae atu ki ngā whakararuraru ohorere pērā i te pakaru o ngā mīhini, te whakaroa rānei i ngā rauemi mata. He maha ngā wā ka mōrearea te whakawhirinaki ki te mōhio noa hei whakapai ake i ngā tukanga, nā te mea ka pā nui ngā huringa iti ki te pūnaha katoa. Koinei te wāhi e noho ai te whakatauira tukanga whakaputa hei taputapu nui hei whakapiki i te whai huatanga.
He aha te whakatauira tukanga whakaputa?
Ko te whakatauira tukanga whakaputa he tikanga whakatauira i ngā rerengamahi o te wheketere i roto i tētahi whakaaturanga matihiko hei whai i te whanonga o tētahi pūnaha o te ao tūturu. Ka uru atu pea ki tēnei tauira ngā teihana mahi, ngā mīhini, ngā kaiwhakahaere, ngā arai taonga, ngā huarahi rauemi, ngā wā tukatuka, ngā wā whakatū, ngā wā mahi, me ngā ture matua. Ko te whāinga matua ko te "whakamātautau" i ngā āhuatanga whakapai ake me te kore e whakararuraru i ngā mahi o te ao tūturu, e āhei ai ngā kamupene ki te ine i te pānga o ngā huringa i mua i te whakatinanatanga.
He rerekē te whakatauira i ngā tataunga kaha māmā, i ngā ripanga tātai pūmau rānei. Mā ngā whakatauira ka taea e tātou te whakauru i ngā mea kāore i te tino mārama—hei tauira, ngā rerekētanga o ngā wā tukatuka, te wā kore mahi o te mīhini, ngā reiti hapa, ngā piki me ngā heke o te taenga mai o ngā rauemi. Ka whakaata ake ngā hua i ngā āhuatanga o te mara, ā, ka pono ake ngā taunakitanga.
He aha i whakapai ake ai te whai huatanga o te whakatauira?
Ko te whai huatanga i roto i te horopaki whakaputa e kapi ana i ētahi āhuatanga: te whakapiki ake i te putanga, te whakaiti i ngā wā arahi, te whakaiti i te mahi-i-roto-i-te-tukanga (WIP), te whakamahinga rauemi taurite ake, me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere. Mā te whakatauira ka āwhina:
1. Tāutuhia ngā arai ārai kia tika
Ko te aukati he pūwāhi e whakawhāiti ana i te tere whakaputa. I roto i tētahi pūnaha o te ao tūturu, ehara i te mea ko te "mīhini puhoi rawa" te aukati i ngā wā katoa; ka puta ake hoki i ngā ture whakaritenga, i ngā here a te kaiwhakahaere, i ngā wā tatūnga teitei rānei. Ka whakaatuhia e ngā whakatauira ngā rarangi, te whakamahinga o te mīhini, me te wā mangere kia taea ai te tautuhi i ngā aukati i runga i ngā raraunga, ehara i te whakapae.
2. Te ine i te pānga o te huringa me te kore mōrearea
Hei tauira, he haumitanga nui te tāpiri i tētahi mīhini hou. Mā ngā whakatauira ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakatau mēnā ka whakanui ake te mīhini hou i te tere o te mahi, ka neke rānei i te aukati ki tētahi atu tukanga.
3. Whakamātauria wawetia ngā horopaki "mehemea"
Hei tauira: he aha te mea ka tupu mēnā ka piki ake te tono mā te 20%? Ā, mēnā ka whakarerekētia ngā wātaka mahi? He aha te pānga o te whakaiti i te rahi o ngā puranga? Mā te whakatauira ka taea te whakatau kaupapa e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga.
4. Arotauhia te rere me te tahora o ngā rauemi
Mā te whakarerekē i ngā ara kawe ā-roto, te whakatakotoranga arai, te whirihoranga anō rānei o ngā teihana mahi ka taea te whakaiti i te tawhiti haere rauemi me ngā wā whakahaere. Ka whakaatuhia e ngā whakatauira ēnei rerenga me te tatau i ngā hua o te wā.
Ngā momo whakatauira whakaputa
He maha ngā huarahi e whakamahia whānuitia ana:
– Te Whakatauira Takahanga Motuhake (DES): te mea tino rongonui mō te hanga. Ka huri te pūnaha i runga i ngā "takahanga" motuhake, pērā i te otinga o te hua, te rahunga o te mīhini, te taenga mai rānei o ngā rauemi.
– Ngā Āhuatanga Pūnaha: he pai ake mō te tiro i te pānga o ngā kaupapa here mō te wā roa i te taumata whānui, hei tauira, te whanaungatanga i waenga i te tuku, te tono me te kaha.
– Whakatauira e hangai ana ki te Māngai: ka whakamahia mēnā he pānga nui tō te whanonga takitahi (kaiwhakahaere, waka AGV, waeine hua rānei) ki te pūnaha.
Mō ngā hiahia whai hua i roto i ngā raina whakaputa, ko te DES te whiringa matua nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakaatu taipitopito i ngā rarangi, ngā rerekētanga, me ngā ture whakaritenga.
Ngā taahiraa hei whakahaere i te whakatauira whakaputa
Kia tino puta ai ngā whakapainga i te whakatauira, me whai pūnaha te tukanga:
1. Whakatakotohia ngā whāinga me ngā KPI
Whakatauhia ngā mea e hiahia ana koe ki te whakapai ake: te nui o te mahi ia hāora, te wā arahi, te OEE, te tere whakamahi, te WIP, ngā utu mahi rānei. Ka whakamahia ēnei KPI hei pūtake mō te aromatawai i ngā horopaki.
2. Kia mārama ki te tukanga tūturu, ā, kia kohia ngā raraunga
Kei roto i ngā raraunga matua ko te wā tukatuka, te wā whakatū, te tere para, te wā kore mahi, te MTBF/MTTR, te kaha ārai, me ngā tauira taenga mai o ngā ota. Mēnā kāore i te wātea ngā raraunga, ka taea e ngā kamupene te tīmata me ngā inenga māmā i runga i te papa whakaputa, te whakamahi rānei i ngā raraunga mīhini o mua.
3. Hangaia he tauira ariā
Maherehia te rere o te tukanga: mai i ngā rauemi e tae mai ana, te tukatuka, te tirotiro, te mahi anō, tae noa ki te tuku. Tautuhia ngā ture: hei tauira, te FIFO, te kaupapa matua ota, te tohatoha kaiwhakahaere rānei.
4. Hangaia he tauira whakatauira me te whakamana
Me manatoko te tauira (he tika tōna arorau) me te whakamana (he tata ngā hua ki ngā āhuatanga o te ao tūturu). Ka taea te whakamana mā te whakataurite i te putanga whakatauira ki te putanga whakaputa tuturu i roto i taua wā anō.
5. Whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau horopaki
Whakahaerehia he whakamātautau "tūranga" i te tuatahi, kātahi ka whakataurite ki ngā horopaki whakapai ake: te tāpiri i ngā nekehanga, te whakaiti i te wā tatūnga mā te SMED, te whakarerekē i ngā rahi puranga, te tāpiri i ngā arai i ētahi wā, te whakatinana rānei i ngā ture whakaritenga hou.
6. Te tātari i ngā hua me ngā taunakitanga whakatinanatanga
Ka whakaputahia e te whakatauira ngā inenga pēnei i te whakamahinga, te wā tatari, te roa o te rarangi, me te wā arahi. Mai i tēnei, ka taea e te tīma te whakatau i ngā whakapainga matua: arā, ngā huringa ka nui te pānga me te utu iti rawa.
Tauira tono: te whakaiti i te wā tatari me te WIP
Whakaarohia tētahi wheketere me ngā tukanga matua e toru: te tapahi, te huihuinga, me te tākai. Ko ngā amuamu matua ko ngā wā arahi roa me te puranga WIP i mua i ngā teihana huihuinga. E whakapono ana ngā kaiwhakahaere o te papaanga ko te raruraru kei roto i te korenga o ngā kaimahi huihuinga, ā, kei te whakamahere rātou ki te tāpiri kaiwhakahaere. Heoi, i muri i te whakahaere i tētahi whakatauira, ka kitea ko te take matua ko ngā rerekētanga o ngā wā whakatū i runga i ngā mīhini tapahi, ka puta ai he taunga puranga koretake: i ētahi wā he puranga, i ētahi wā he kau. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka noho te huihuinga hei aukati wā poto ahakoa he rawaka te kaha toharite.
Mā te whakamahi i ngā whakatauira, i whakamātauhia e te kamupene ngā otinga e rua: (1) te tāpiri i tētahi atu kaiwhakahaere huihuinga, me te (2) te whakatinana i te SMED hei whakaiti i te wā whakatūnga mā te 30% me te whakaiti i te rahi o ngā puranga. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua whakatauira he pai ake te kōwhiringa (2): he nui te hekenga o te wā arahi, he iti te WIP, ā, he pumau te whakamahinga huihuinga—me te kore e piki ake ngā utu mahi tuturu. He tika ake hoki te whakatau whakamutunga nā te mea i ahu mai i ngā taunakitanga.
Te whakaurunga whakatauira ki te Lean me te Industry 4.0
He rite tonu te whakatauira ki te huarahi Hanganga Hiko. Ka taea te whakamātautau i ngā mātāpono hiko pēnei i te whakaiti i te para, te whakahaere i te rere, me te whakataurite i te raina mā roto i ngā whakatauira i mua i te whakatinanatanga. Hei tauira, i mua i te whakatinanatanga o tētahi pūnaha kanban, pūnaha kume rānei, ka taea e tētahi kamupene te whakatauira i te maha pai o ngā kāri kanban hei whakaiti i te WIP me te ārai tonu i te korenga o ngā rauemi.
I roto i te horopaki o te Ahumahi 4.0, he maha ngā wā ka noho te whakatauira hei wāhanga o te māhanga matihiko—he "māhanga matihiko" o tētahi wheketere e hono ana ki ngā raraunga wā-tūturu mai i ngā pūoko me ngā pūnaha MES/ERP. Mā te māhanga matihiko, ka whakamahia ngā tauira whakatauira ehara i te mea mō ngā kaupapa whakapai ake anake engari mō te aroturuki me te matapae hoki: āhea ka puta ngā aukati, me pēhea te pānga o ngā huringa ki ngā wātaka ota ki a rātou, tae atu ki te aromatawai i ngā mahere whakaputa o ia rā.
Ngā wero noa me pēhea te wikitoria i aua wero
Ahakoa ōna painga nui, he wero anō hoki kei te whakatauira:
– Ngā raraunga kāore i oti, kāore rānei i te kounga pai: ko te otinga pai ko te tīmata me tētahi tauira māmā, kātahi ka piki haere te tika.
– Ngā tauira uaua rawa: he uaua ki te pupuri i ngā taipitopito nui rawa. Arotahi ki ngā whāinga me ngā KPI, kaua ki te whakatauira i ngā mea katoa.
– Te kore whai wāhi mai o te tīma whakaputa: me uru ngā kaiwhakahaere, ngā tohunga hangarau, me ngā kaiwhakamahere ki ngā whakatauira kia ōrite ai ngā whakaaro o te tauira ki te ao tūturu.
Whakamutunga
He huarahi rautaki te whakatauira tukanga whakaputa hei whakapai ake i te pai o te mahi. Mā te whakatauira i ngā rerenga whakaputa, ka taea e ngā kamupene te tautuhi i ngā arai tūturu, te whakamātautau i ngā āhuatanga whakapai ake me te kore mōrearea, me te whiriwhiri i ngā whakataunga he pānga pai ki te hua, te wā arahi, me ngā utu. Ina honoa ki ngā mahi Lean me ngā hangarau Industry 4.0, ka taea e te whakatauira te whanake hei taputapu whakatau tonu, ehara i te mea he kaupapa kotahi noa iho. Mō ngā ahumahi e hiahia ana ki te neke tere engari kia mau tonu te tika, he haumi mātauranga te whakatauira ka taea te huri i ngā raraunga hei whai huatanga tūturu.
