Te Arotau i te Rārangi Whakaputa mā te Whakamahi i ngā Arorau
I tēnei ao hangahanga e piki haere ana te whakataetae, me tere ake te whakaputa hua, me iti ake te utu, me te pupuri i te kounga teitei o ngā hua e ngā kamupene. Ko tētahi o ngā mea matua e whakatau ana i tēnei angitu ko te rārangi mahi whakaputa: te wā e mahia ai ngā mahi, ko ēhea mīhini, nā wai, me te raupapatanga. Ka taea e te rārangi mahi iti te arahi ki ngā aukati, ngā mīhini mangere, ngā tukunga whakaroa, me ngā utu nui rawa. Nō reira, ko te arotau i ngā rārangi mahi whakaputa mā te whakamahi i ngā rauropi he huarahi nui hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te mahi.
Te hiranga o te arotau i ngā wātaka whakaputa
Ehara te rārangi mahi o ia rā i te rārangi mahi o ia rā. He "mahere mahi" e whakarite ana i ngā rauemi maha: ngā mīhini, ngā kaimahi, ngā rauemi mata, me te wā. Ina hangaia ā-ringa ngā rārangi mahi, i runga rānei i te tikanga, ka puta pinepine ngā raruraru, pēnei i:
1. Te roa o te wā mangere nā te tatari mahi mō ngā mīhini, ngā rauemi rānei.
2. Ka piki ake ngā wā whakatū nā ngā raupapa mahi kāore e whai whakaaro ki ngā huringa o ngā taputapu, o ngā whakatakotoranga hua rānei.
3. Ka piki ake te wā arahi nā te roa o ngā rarangi i ētahi teihana mahi.
4. Ngā whakaroa o te tuku (te roa o te tuku) e whakaiti ana i te pai o te kaihoko.
5. Ka piki ake ngā utu whakaputa nā te mahi tāpiri me te koretake o te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi.
Ko te arotau i te hōtaka mahi he whakaiti i ēnei pānga mā te whakarite pūnaha i te raupapatanga me te tohatoha mahi i runga i ngā raraunga.
He aha i whakamahia ai ngā rauropi?
Ko ngā raruraru whakaritenga whakaputa ka taka ki roto i te kāwai o ngā raruraru arotautanga uaua. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ka nui rawa te maha o ngā huinga raupapa mahi ka taea, ā, kāore e taea te whakamātau takitahi. Hei tauira, mēnā he 10 ngā mahi hei raupapa, ko te maha o ngā raupapa ka taea ko te 10! (3.628.800 raupapa). Mēnā ka piki te maha o ngā mahi ki te 20, ka nui rawa te maha o ngā huinga.
Mā ngā rauropi ka kitea te otinga pai rawa atu, tata rawa atu rānei, i roto i te huarahi tino whai hua. I roto i ngā mahi ahumahi, mā te whakamahi i ngā rauropi whakaritenga ka taea e ngā kamupene te:
– Waihangahia he wātaka tere ake, ā, kia ōrite ake hoki
– Ka whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki te "ātaahua" o te tangata takitahi
– Whakatauira i ngā āhuatanga rerekē (hei tauira, te pakaru o te mīhini, te pikinga o te tono)
– Te whakaputa whakataunga e hangai ana ki ngā whāinga (te utu iti rawa, te whakaroa iti rawa, te putanga mōrahi)
Ngā momo raruraru whakaritenga whakaputa
I mua i te whiriwhiri i tētahi rauropi, he mea nui kia mārama koe ki te momo raruraru whakaritenga e pā ana ki a koe. Ko ētahi o ngā mea e kitea whānuitia ana ko:
1. Whakaritenga Mīhini Kotahi
Ka tukatukahia ngā mahi katoa i runga i te mīhini kotahi. He pai mō ngā tukanga māmā, mō ngā aukati takitahi rānei.
2. Te Whakaritenga o te Toa Rere
Ka tukuna ia mahi mā roto i ngā mīhini i te raupapa kotahi (hei tauira, te tapahi → te keri → te whakaoti). He maha ngā wā ka kitea tēnei i ngā raina whakaputa.
3. Te Whakaritenga Mahi
He rerekē te ara tukanga o ia mahi (hei tauira, mahi A: mīhini 1 → 3 → 2, mahi B: mīhini 2 → 1). Koinei te mea tino uaua, ā, he maha ngā wā ka puta i roto i te hanga me te nui o ngā momo hua.
4. Te Whakaritenga Mīhini Whakarara
He maha ngā mīhini rite tonu ka taea te mahi i te mahi kotahi, hei tauira, e toru ngā mīhini CNC me ngā āheinga rite.
Hei tāpiritanga, he maha anō hoki ngā herenga pērā i ngā rā kati, ngā wā tatūnga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te raupapatanga, te wātea o te kaiwhakahaere, te tiaki ārai, me ngā herenga puranga.
Ngā whāinga arotautanga noa (ngā mahi whāinga)
Me mārama te whāinga mō te arotau i te hōtaka. Ko te tikanga ka whakaatuhia tēnei whāinga i roto i tētahi mahi whāinga, hei tauira:
– Whakaitihia te roanga o te wā e oti ai ngā mahi katoa (Cmax): whakaitihia te roanga o te wā e oti ai ngā mahi katoa.
– Whakaitihia te whakaroa katoa: whakaitihia ngā whakaroa i tua atu i te rā kati.
– Whakaitihia te WIP (te mahi-i-te-tukanga): whakaitihia te kohikohinga o ngā taonga kāore anō kia oti.
– Whakaitihia ngā utu tatūnga: raupapahia ngā mahi hei whakaiti i ngā huringa tatūnga.
– Whakanuia te whakamahinga o te mīhini: whakaitihia te wā mangere.
Ko te mea pono, he maha ngā whāinga a ngā kamupene. Ka puta he raruraru maha-whāinga, hei tauira, te hiahia kia iti te wā whakaoti engari kia iti hoki te whakaroa.
Ngā pūnaha e whakamahia ana i roto i te arotautanga o te maramataka whakaputa
He maha ngā huarahi algorithmic e whakamahia whānuitia ana:
1. Ngā ture matua (ngā ture tuku)
He tikanga tere tēnei e whakamahia ana i te papa whakaputa, pērā i:
– SPT (Wā Tukatuka Poto Rawa): whakaritea ngā mahi me te wā tukatuka poto rawa.
– EDD (Rā Whakamutunga Wawe): whakaritea ngā mahi e tata ana ki te rā whakaoti.
– LPT (Wā Tukatuka Roa Rawa): i ētahi wā ka whakamahia hei whakataurite i te kawenga mahi.
Ko te painga o te tuku ture ko tōna māmā me te ngāwari o te whakatinanatanga. Heoi, ko te kounga o te otinga ka iti iho i ngā tikanga arotau matatau ake, inā koa i roto i ngā pūnaha uaua.
2. Rautaki arotautanga whakatau
Ka taea te whakatau i ētahi raruraru whakaritenga mā roto i ngā tikanga pēnei i:
– Hōtaka Raina (LP) / Hōtaka Tauoti (IP / MILP)
He pai tēnei mēnā ka taea te whakatauira i te raruraru me ngā taurangi whakatau me ngā here mārama. Heoi, mō ngā toa mahi nui, ka uaua te mahi rorohiko i te MILP.
– Papatonotanga Hihiri
He whai hua mō ētahi rahi raruraru, engari ka pāngia pea e te "kanga o te āhuahanga".
He tino pai ngā tikanga whakatau-ā-ture ki te whakarato i ngā otinga tino pai mō te pāngarau—engari he maha ngā wā ka whai hua anake mō ngā tauine iti ki te waenga.
3. Metaheuristics (Rauemi Ira, Whakamātautau Whakaari, Rapu Tabu)
E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā metaheuristics nā te mea he ngāwari, ā, ka taea hoki te whakatau i ngā raruraru nui me ngā herenga uaua.
– Ka whai te Aratohu Ira (GA) i te tukanga whanaketanga: te taupori otinga, te kōwhiringa, te whakawhiti, me te whakarerekētanga ira hei kimi i ngā wātaka pai ake.
– Ka whai te Whakamahana Whakakorikori (SA) i te tukanga whakamatao whakarewa: ka whakaaetia he otinga kino ake mō te wā poto hei mawhiti i te mahanga tino pai ā-rohe.
– Ka whakamahia e te Rapu Tabu (TS) te mahara (rārangi tabu) kia kore ai e hoki ki te otinga kotahi.
Kāore ngā metaheuristics e kī taurangi i ngā otinga tino pai, engari he maha ngā wā ka puta he otinga tino pai i roto i te wā tika.
4. Ngā rauropi ako-ā-ringa (Ako Mīhini me te Ako Whakakaha)
I roto i te horopaki o te Ahumahi 4.0, kei te tīmata ētahi kamupene ki te whakamahi i:
– Matapae wā tukanga e hangai ana ki te ML hei whakapai ake i te tika o ngā raraunga.
– Te Whakakaha i te Ako hei waihanga i ngā kaupapa here whakaritenga urutau (hei tauira, te tūtaki ki ngā motuhanga mīhini, te hurihanga rānei o te tono).
He whai hua tēnei huarahi, engari me nui ngā raraunga me te tukanga whakamana pakari.
Ngā taahiraa hei whakatinana i te arotautanga o te maramataka whakaputa
Kia angitu ai te arotakenga, kāore e taea e ngā kamupene te whiriwhiri noa i tētahi raupaparorohiko. Me whai tukanga whakatinanatanga pūnaha:
1. Kohia ngā raraunga tika
Me tika te wā tukatuka, te wā tatūnga, te rā kati, te kaha o te mīhini, ngā hāora mahi a te kaiwhakahaere, me ngā raraunga mō te wā whakatā.
2. Tautuhia ngā whāinga pakihi
Kei te whakaroa, kei te utu, kei te whānui rānei te kaupapa? Ko te whāinga te mea e whakatau ana i te tauira me te raupaparorohiko.
3. Ngā herenga whakaputa tauira
Hei tauira, ko ētahi mīhini he mea hanga mō ētahi hua, mō ngā kaiwhakahaere tiwhikete, mō te puranga rānei.
4. Kōwhiria he raupaparorohiko ka whakahaere i tētahi whakatauira.
Whakamātauria ētahi tikanga, ka whakataurite i ngā hua: te kounga o te kaupapa, te wā tātaitai, me te ngāwari o te whakauru.
5. Whakauru atu ki ngā pūnaha (ERP/MES)
Me whakahaere te kaupapa tino pai i te mara. Mā te whakaurunga ka taea te whakarato i ngā whakahōutanga wā-tūturu mēnā ka puta he huringa.
6. Te aro turuki me te whakapai tonu
He tukanga hihiri te whakarite kaupapa. Arotakehia ngā KPI pēnei i te OEE, te tukunga i te wā tika, me te makespan i ia wā.
Ngā wero me ngā rautaki hei wikitoria i aua wero
He maha ngā wero tūturu e pā ana ki te arotau i te kaupapa whakaputa, tae atu ki:
– Te koretake: te pakaru o te mīhini, te tomuri o ngā rauemi, te whakarerekētanga ohorere o ngā ota.
Otinga: whakamahia te whakarite anō, ngā arai, ngā rauropi urutau rānei.
– Ngā raraunga hē: he rerekē te wā tukatuka "i runga pepa" i te wā tūturu.
Otinga: whakamahia ngā raraunga hītori, ngā pūoko IoT, me ngā whakahōutanga wā paerewa.
– Ngā huringa o ngā kaupapa matua pakihi: e hiahia ana ngā kiritaki rautaki ki te whakateretere.
Otinga: he kaupapa matua e ahu mai ana i te taumaha me te tikanga whakarite anō kia tere.
Whakamutunga
He taahiraa nui te arotau i ngā wātaka whakaputa mā te whakamahi i ngā rauropi hei whakapiki i te whai huatanga, hei whakaiti i ngā utu, hei pupuri hoki i te tukunga i te wā tika. Mā te mārama ki te momo raruraru whakaritenga, te tautuhi i te mahi whāinga, me te whiriwhiri i te rauropi tika—mai i ngā ture matua ki te metaheuristics me te ako mīhini—ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakatutuki i ngā wātaka tino pai me te urutau. Ko ngā kī ki te angitu kei roto i ngā raraunga tika, te whakatauira here pono, me te whakaurunga ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere hei whakarite kia tutuki pai ngā whakataunga rauropi i runga i te whenua.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga ki tētahi horopaki motuhake (hei tauira, te kai, te motuka, te umanga kakahu), ka taea rānei e au te tāpiri i ngā tauira ako take me ngā whakaahua o ngā mahi tatau māmā kia māmā ake ai te whakamahi.
