Ngā Tikanga Ru i roto i ngā Rangahau Huringa Āhuarangi
Ko te huringa āhuarangi e kōrerohia whānuitia ana mā roto i ngā raraunga mō te pāmahana o te rangi, ngā kukū hau kati kōtuhi, ngā kitenga amiorangi rānei mō te rewa o te hukapapa me te pikinga o te taumata o te moana. Heoi, kotahi te "pūranga" taiao e ngaro ana i te aro o te marea: ko te Ao tonu. Mā roto i ngā wiri e haere ana i roto i te kirinuku, te mantle, me te uho—e mōhiotia ana ko ngā ngaru ru—ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te pānui i ngā huringa taiao mā te kore ā-tika engari me ngā mōhiohio nui. Ko ngā tikanga ru , i whakawhanakehia i te tuatahi hei mahere i ngā hanganga o raro i te mata me te aroturuki i ngā rū whenua, he taputapu nui inaianei mō te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te huringa āhuarangi, mai i ngā whanaketanga o te awaawa hukapapa me ngā huringa o te papatipu hukapapa ki ngā huringa o te rere o te moana.
He aha te tikanga ru whenua?
Ko ngā tikanga rū whenua he tikanga mō te ine me te whakamārama i ngā ngaru rapa e horapa ana puta noa i te Ao. Ka puta mai ēnei ngaru i ngā pūtake taiao pērā i ngā rū whenua tectonic, ngā pahūtanga puia, ngā horo whenua, ngā hinganga hukapapa, me te taunekeneke o ngā ngaru moana ki te papa moana. Ka taea hoki te whakaoho i ngā ngaru e ngā pūtake horihori pērā i ngā pahūtanga whakahaeretia, ngā wiri rū whenua rānei, ahakoa ko ngā rangahau āhuarangi e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā pūtake taiao me te haruru rū whenua pumau.
Ko te taputapu matua mō ngā ine ru whenua ko te ru whenua—he taputapu e hopu ana i te nekehanga o te whenua i roto i ngā wāhanga e toru. I te rerenga o ngā ngaru ru whenua i roto i tētahi reo, ka pāngia te tere, te whānui, me te āhua e ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te rauemi: te mātotoru, te ngāwari, te porosity, te nui o te wai, me te pāmahana. I te mea ka whakarerekē te huringa āhuarangi i te wai, te hukapapa, me te pāmahana i roto i ngā taiao rerekē, ka taea e ngā tohu ru whenua te mahi hei "pūoko" ā-kore e hopu ana i ēnei huringa.
He aha te hiranga o te rū whenua ki ngā rangahau āhuarangi?
Kei te pāngia te pūnaha whānui o Papatūānuku e te huringa āhuarangi: te rewa o ngā hukapapa porowhita, te rewa o te permafrost, ngā huringa o te ua, te pikinga o ngā ngaru tupuhi, me te pikinga o te taumata moana. E pā ana ēnei huringa katoa ki te tohatoha papatipu (wai me te hukapapa), ngā huringa o te pēhanga, me ngā huringa o ngā āhuatanga miihini o ngā rauemi. He maha ngā take e pai ai ngā tikanga rū whenua :
1. Ka taea te aroturuki tonu: Ka mahi ngā ine ru whenua 24/7, ahakoa i te pō, i te wā kino rānei o te rangi ina raru pea ngā tirohanga ā-kanohi me ngā tirohanga amiorangi.
2. Pāngia e ngā huringa o raro i te mata: He maha ngā pānga o te āhuarangi e puta ana i raro i te whenua, i raro rānei i te hukapapa, hei tauira, te nekehanga o te wai rewa, ngā huringa o ngā pū kōhatu, te ngoikore rānei o te permafrost.
3. Whānui te kapinga: Mā ngā whatunga ru whenua o te ao ka taea te whakataurite i waenga i ngā rohe me te aroturuki mō te wā roa.
4. Hei tāpiri atu ki ētahi atu tikanga: Ka taea e te rū whenua te tāpiri atu ki ngā inenga amiorangi, GPS, me ngā inenga ā-tūnga, kia kaha ake ai ngā hua whakamārama.
Te ru whenua hukapapa: te pānui i te "reo" o te hukapapa e rewa ana
Ko tētahi o ngā tono hou ko te ru whenua hukapapa. Ina neke, ina whati, ina pakaru rānei ngā awa hukapapa, ka puta he wiri i roto i ēnei kaupapa ka taea te tuhi hei kaupapa ru whenua motuhake. He maha ngā momo tohu e pā ana ki te āhuarangi:
– Ngā rū whenua hukapapa: Ka puta he tohu rū whenua nā ngā kapiti me ngā nekehanga o roto i te hukapapa. Ka piki ake te auau me te kaha o te rū whenua i te pikinga o te pāmahana me te rewa o te mata.
– Te wiri o te hukapapa: Ko ngā wiri roa e pā ana ki te rere o te wai rewa i te pūtake o te hukapapa. Ka taea e te wai e whakahinuhinu ana i te pūtake o te hukapapa te whakatere i te rere o te hukapapa, ka pā ki te pumau o te hukapapa, ā, ka piki ake te taumata o te moana.
– Ngā takahanga o te hukapapa: Ka puta he tohu pūngao iti ki te waenga i ngā hinganga o te pari hukapapa ka taea te whai hei tatau i ngā reiti ngaronga papatipu, inā koa i ngā rohe pito rāwhiti pērā i a Greenland me Antarctica.
Mā te whakakotahi i ngā raraunga rū whenua me ngā kitenga amiorangi, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te aromatawai i te wā me te wāhi e tere haere ana ngā awaawa hukapapa, me te pānga o ēnei tauira ki ngā wā, te pāmahana, me ngā huringa roa.
Te pumau o te hukapapa me te pari: ngā tohu mai i te ngoikore o te whenua tio
Ko te permafrost—he oneone e mau tonu ana te hukapapa mō ngā tau—he nui ngā rahinga waro waro, ā, he mea nui ki te pumau o ngā pari me ngā hanganga i ngā rohe makariri. I te mahana haere o te āhuarangi, ka rewa te permafrost, ka kī ngā pore oneone i te wai, ā, ka heke te kaha miihini. Ka taea e tēnei tukanga te whakaoho i ngā whenua horo, te totohu, me ngā huringa o te rere o te wai whenua.
E rua ngā huarahi matua e āwhina ai ngā tikanga rū whenua:
1. Te aroturuki i ngā rū whenua iti: Ka taea e ngā pakaru iti me ngā nekehanga o ngā pari te whakaputa tohu rū whenua iti. Ko te pikinga ake o ngā mahi rū whenua iti he tohu wawe pea mō te kore pumau.
2. Te whakaahua i ngā āhuatanga o raro i te mata: Ko te tere o ngā ngaru rū he teitei ake i roto i ngā rauemi tio i ngā rauemi mahana ake, kua mākū ki te wai. Mā te whakahoki i ngā rangahau rū (wā-whakawhiti), ka taea e ngā huringa o te tere te tohu i ngā rohe e rewa ana.
He mea nui tēnei huarahi mō ngā rohe o te Ātiki me ngā maunga teitei, kei reira nei ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi ki te permafrost e tere haere ana, ā, e pā tika ana ki ngā hapori.
Te haruru rū whenua me ngā "taputapu ringa" o te tupuhi me te ngaru
Ehara i te mea ko ngā mōhiohio āhuarangi katoa i ahu mai i ngā rū whenua, i ngā huihuinga nui rānei. Ahakoa te haruru rū whenua papamuri—ngā wiri ngoikore, tonu—e mau ana ngā mōhiohio mō ngā āhuatanga o te moana me te āhuarangi. Ko te taunekeneke o ngā ngaru moana ka puta he rū whenua moroiti, arā, he wiri ā-wā ka taea te kite i tawhiti i uta.
E pā ana ngā ruānuku iti ki:
– Pūngao ngaru moana: Ina kaha haere ngā tupuhi, ina rerekē rānei ngā tauira o te hau, ka piki ake te pūngao ngaru, ā, ka rerekē anō hoki ngā rū whenua moroiti.
– Ngā rerekētanga o ia wā, o ia tau hoki: Ka kitea pea ngā panonitanga o ngā tauira āhuarangi pēnei i a El Niño–La Niña i roto i te āhua o ngā rū whenua moroiti.
– Ngā āhuatanga o te hukapapa moana: I ngā rohe porowhita, ka taea e te taupoki hukapapa moana te whakararu i te hanganga o ngā ngaru teitei, ā, ka pā ki te taumata o ngā ru moroiti kua tuhia.
Mā te tātari tatauranga roa o ngā ru moroiti ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te aromatawai i ngā huringa o ngā tauira tupuhi me ngā ngaru, e hono tata ana ki te mahana o te ao me ngā whanaketanga o te āhuarangi-moana.
Pūorooro ā-pūoro me te rū whenua hei aroturuki i ngā waipuke, ngā awa me te oneone
Kei te whakarerekē hoki te huringa āhuarangi i te wai: kei te piki haere te kaha o te ua i ētahi rohe, kei te roa haere ngā wā maroke i ētahi atu, ā, kei te piki haere te maha o ngā waipuke nui. Ka haria e ngā rerenga tere o te awa ngā paru me ngā toka, ka hangaia he wiri ka taea te hopu e ngā mita ru i ngā tahataha awa.
Mā tēnei tikanga, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te:
– Te whakatau tata i te tukunga mai i te kaha o te wiri,
– Te aroturuki i te kawe paru, he mea nui tēnei mō te mārama ki te horo me te huringa o te whenua,
– Te aroturuki i ngā waipuke ohorere, i ngā lahar rānei i puta mai i te ua i ngā wāhi puia.
Nā te mea ka taea e ngā mita ru te mahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino kino, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he pā tika ki te rere o te wai, he mea whai hua tēnei tikanga ki ngā wāhi tūmatanui, ki ngā wāhi morearea rānei.
Ngā huringa o te wā rū whenua me ngā huringa o te puna wai whenua
I ētahi rohe, kei te pāngia te pūnaha e te huringa āhuarangi ki te whakahou me te mimiti o ngā puna wai. Hei tāpiri, kei te pāngia hoki te pūnaha e te urutau tangata ki te tauraki—pērā i te papu wai whenua. Ka taea e ngā rangahau ru whenua auau (wā-wā) te tautuhi i ngā huringa o te tere o te ngaru e pā ana ki ngā huringa o te mākū o te wai i roto i ngā wāhi pore. Ahakoa me āta hoahoa rangahau te whakatinanatanga, he mea nui tēnei huarahi hei tāpiri atu ki te aroturuki wai whenua me ngā raraunga puna me te ine taumaha.
Ngā painga, ngā herenga, me ngā wero o te whakamaoritanga
He pai ngā tikanga rū whenua mō te aroturuki tonu, te aro nui, me te kaha ki te "kite" i te mata o raro. Heoi, he iti noa ngā herenga me mārama:
– Te koretake o te pūtake: Ka puta mai ngā tohu rū whenua i ngā tukanga maha (ngā mahi a te tangata, te hau, te waka, te ahumahi), nō reira me āta wehe te tohu.
– Te whakawhirinaki ki ngā whatunga taputapu: Me whai ine ru whenua kua whakatikatikaina pai, kua whakanohohia hoki ki ngā rautaki hei whakatutuki i ngā raraunga kounga, he mea uaua tēnei i ngā rohe porowhita, maunga teitei rānei.
– Ngā tauira ā-tinana uaua: Ko te hono i ngā huringa rū whenua ki ngā taurangi āhuarangi (hei tauira, te pāmahana, te tere rewa rānei) me whai tauira ā-pūkaha me te ā-wera pakari, me te whakauru atu ki ētahi atu raraunga.
Nō reira, he maha ngā kaupapa ako mō te āhuarangi e hangai ana ki te rū whenua: ko te rangahau rū whenua, te rangahau hukapapa, te rangahau wai, te rangahau huarere, me te whakatauira tau he mea tautoko tetahi i tetahi.
Te Katinga
Kei te whakatuwherahia e ngā tikanga rū whenua ngā huarahi hou ki te titiro ki te huringa āhuarangi: ehara i te mea mā roto noa i ngā mea e kitea ana i te mata, engari mā roto hoki i ngā wiri ngawari e hopu ana i ngā nekehanga o te hukapapa, te wai, me te toka. Mai i ngā "rū whenua" i roto i ngā awaawa hukapapa, ki ngā tohu rū whenua moroiti e tohu ana i ngā awha moana, ki ngā wiri awa i te wā waipuke, ka whakaratohia e te rangahau rū whenua te urunga atu ki ngā tohu āhuarangi tonu e tata ana ki ngā tukanga ā-tinana. I te haere whakamua, me te piki haere o ngā whatunga pūoko, te tātaritanga e ahu mai ana i te matauranga horihori, me te whakaurunga o ngā raraunga amiorangi me ngā tauira āhuarangi, ka taea e ngā raraunga rū whenua te noho hei pou nui ki te aroturuki me te mārama ki te huringa āhuarangi o te ao.
