Te Whakamahinga o te Tikanga Ātete i roto i ngā Hangarau Whenua
Ko te tikanga ātete-ātete tētahi o ngā tikanga matawhenua e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hangarau matawhenua nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakaahua i ngā āhuatanga o raro i te mata i roto i te wā poto, kāore e whakangaro, ā, he iti ake te utu mō ngā wāhi whānui. I roto i ngā hangarau matawhenua—e aro ana ki te whanonga o te oneone me te toka i raro i ngā kawenga me te pumau o te hanganga—he mea nui ngā mōhiohio mō ngā paparanga oneone, te hohonutanga o te toka papa, ngā rohe ngoikore, me te noho mai o te wai whenua ki te whakamahere angitu. Ko te tikanga ātete-ātete he piriti i waenga i ngā rangahau matawhenua me te hiahia mō ngā raraunga matawhenua taipitopito, inā koa he iti te keri, he uaua rānei ngā āhuatanga o te mara.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Tikanga Ātete
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te tikanga ātete-ātete ka mahi mā te werohanga i te iahiko hiko ki roto i te whenua mā roto i te takirua o ngā irahiko iahiko (e kiia ana ko A me B), kātahi ka ine i te rerekētanga pūmanawa ka puta mā te whakamahi i te takirua o ngā irahiko pūmanawa (M me N). Mai i tēnei rerekētanga iahiko me te pūmanawa, ka tatauhia he uara ātete-ātea, e tohu ana i te urupare whakakotahi o te rauemi o raro i te mata i roto i tētahi rōrahi kua hoatu. Nā te mea he rerekē te oneone, he paparanga hoki, ehara te uara ātete-ātea i te ātete-ātea "parakore" o tētahi paparanga kotahi, engari he uara me whakamārama mā te whakatauira, mā te hurihanga rānei kia whiwhi ai i tētahi wāhanga ātete-ātea e tata atu ana ki ngā āhuatanga tūturu.
He maha ngā āhuatanga e pāngia ai te ātete, tae atu ki te momo rauemi (uku, onepu, kirikiri, toka), te pūngao, te nui o te wai, te tote o te wai pūngao, me te taumata huarere. Hei tauira, he iti te ātete o te uku nā tōna kaha pupuri wai me te kawe mata o ngā matūriki uku, ko te toka hou, ko te onepu maroke ia he ātete ake (he ātete teitei). Ka whakamahia tēnei rerekētanga o ngā uara ātete hei tautuhi i ngā huringa āhuarangi me ngā āhuatanga hangarau whenua.
Te Whirihoranga me te Tikanga Ine irahiko
I roto i te mahi, he maha ngā whirihoranga hiko e whakamahia whānuitia ana i runga i ngā whāinga rangahau me ngā āhuatanga o te mara. E mōhiotia ana te whirihoranga Wenner he tairongo ki ngā huringa poutū, ā, he ngāwari ki te whiwhi, ko te whirihoranga Schlumberger ia e whiriwhiria ana mō te oro (VES/Poutū Hiko Oro) nā te mea he pai mō ngā rangahau hohonu me te iti o te nekehanga hiko. Mō te mahere rua-ahu (2D) toru-ahu rānei (3D), kei te piki haere te rongonui o te tikanga Tomography Ātete Hiko (ERT) nā te mea ka whakaratohia he whakaahua o raro i te mata, inā koa mō te kite i ngā rohe ngoikore, ngā poka, ngā rerekētanga taha koi rānei.
Ko te kōwhiringa whirihoranga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hohonutanga o te ūnga, te taumata taumira e hiahiatia ana, me ngā herenga o te mara pēnei i te urunga, te whenua, me te whakararuraru hanganga. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā tāone nui, ka puta te haruru i te noho mai o ngā ratonga o raro whenua, ngā taiepa whakarewa, ngā ia rere rānei, ā, ka nui rawa atu te hiranga o te whakamahere ara rangahau me te kōwhiringa tawhā hopu.
Te Tūranga o te Ātete i roto i ngā Rangahau Hangarau Whenua
1) Whakatauhia te Stratigraphy me te Matotoru o te Papa Oneone
Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga matua o te ātete i roto i te hangarau whenua ko te tautuhi i ngā paparanga oneone me te whakatau tata i tōna matotoru. I roto i te whakamahere turanga, he mea nui ngā raraunga mō te hohonutanga o ngā paparanga mārō, ngā oneone ngohengohe, ngā whakawhiti oneone-toka rānei. Ka taea e ngā wāhanga ātete mai i ngā rangahau ERT te whakaatu i ngā huringa nui e pā ana ki ngā rohe whenua, pērā i te whakawhiti mai i te uku mākū (ātete iti) ki te onepu matotoru (ātete waenga) ki te toka papa rānei (ātete teitei).
Nō reira, ka taea e te ātete te āwhina i te whakapai ake i te maha o ngā pūwāhi keri. Engari i te keri kia whānui puta noa i te papa katoa, ka taea te arotahi ki te keri ki ngā wāhi e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga rerekē, i ngā huringa tere rānei o te ātete.
2) Te Kite i te Hōhonutanga me te Āhua o te Papatūānuku
He tawhā matua te hōhonutanga o te toka papa mō te hoahoa i ngā turanga hōhonu, ngā kauhanga, te pumau o te pari. He whai hua ngā tikanga ātete mō te mahere i te āhua o te toka papa, inā koa he rerekētanga ātete mārama i waenga i te taupoki me te toka papa. I roto i ngā kaupapa rori, tāpoi, piriti rānei, ka āwhina ēnei mōhiohio ki te whakatau tata i ngā whakaritenga whakapakari, te roa o ngā pou, me ngā raruraru hanga pea nā ngā rerekētanga o te hōhonutanga o te toka papa.
3) Tāutuhia ngā Rohe Uku Ngāwari me ngā Oneone Raruraru
He iti te ātete o ngā oneone ngohengohe, inā koa ngā uku kua mākū. Ka taea e ngā paparanga matotoru o te uku ngohengohe te whakatō nui, ā, me whakapai ake te whenua pēnei i te utaina i mua, ngā waikeri poutū kua oti te hanga (PVD), ngā pou kōhatu rānei. Mā te ātete ka taea te mahere i te tohatoha taha o ēnei paparanga mō ngā hoahoa whakapai ake kua āta whakaritea.
He pai hoki te ātete mō te kimi i ngā oneone pīti, i ngā rauemi rauropi rānei, he mea tino ngāwari ki te pēhi, ā, he uaua hoki mō te hanga. Ahakoa me tūpato te whakamaoritanga (nā te mea ka taea e ētahi āhuatanga te whai i te ātete iti), ko te whakakotahi i te ātete me ngā raraunga keri me ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga ka puta he pikitia pono ake.
4) Te Rangahau i te Wai Whenua, te Paheketanga, me ngā Āhuatanga Kūkū
I roto i ngā hangarau whenua, he mea nui te wai ki te kaha o te kutikuti oneone me te pumau o te pari. Ka taea e ngā rangahau ātete te mahere i ngā rohe mākū, ngā ara turuturu, me ngā huringa ā-wā o te nui o te wai. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā tāhuna pareparenga, i ngā pareparenga rānei, he mea nui te kite wawe i te turuturu hei ārai i ngā paipa me te pakaru o te hanganga. He maha ngā wā ka puta ngā rohe turuturu hei āhuatanga ātete iti e toro atu ana i te ara rere o te wai.
I ngā kaupapa pari, he maha ngā wā ka rite ngā mata paheke ki ngā paparanga uku kua mākū, ki ngā rohe huarere kua mākū ake rānei. Ka āwhina te ātete ki te tautuhi i ngā wāhi e hiahia ana kia mimiti te wai pari, kia whakapakaritia rānei.
5) Te Kitenga i ngā Poka, ngā Karst, me ngā Rohe Huarere
I ngā wāhi kōhatu kōhatu, ka tūpono te noho mai o ngā kōhao karst ki ngā turanga me te pumau o te whenua. He nui te ātete o ngā kōhao kī tonu i te hau, engari he iti ake te ātete o ngā kōhao kī tonu i te wai. Nā tēnei rerekētanga, me tūpato te whakamaoritanga me te tautoko i ētahi atu raraunga (hei tauira, GPR, te whakaata rū whenua, te keri rānei). Heoi anō, ko te ERT te tikanga whiriwhiri mō te mahere karst nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakaatu i ngā rerekētanga taha me te poutū me te taipitopito.
Haunga ngā kōhao, ka taea hoki te mahere i ngā rohe huarere i roto i ngā toka. Ko ngā toka kua huarere he nui ake te pūwero me te mākū i te wai, ā, he iti ake te ātete ki te whakataurite ki ngā toka hou. He mea nui ēnei mōhiohio mō te hoahoa i ngā turanga toka, te tapahi i ngā pari toka, me te whakatau i ngā tikanga keri.
6) Aromatawai i ngā Huringa o ngā Āhua o te Oneone i Muri i te Whakapai (Aroturuki)
Kāore i te whai hua noa ngā tikanga ātete i te wāhanga rangahau tuatahi engari ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei aroturuki. Hei tauira, i muri i te werohanga grout, ka taea e ngā huringa o te ātete te tohu i ngā wāhi kua kīia ki te rauemi grout, ngā wāhi rānei kei te mau tonu ngā āputa. I roto i ngā kaupapa whakaora oneone poke, ka taea te whakamahi i te ātete hei aroturuki i te tohatoha wai, i ngā huringa rānei o te nui o te wai nā te tukanga whakaora.
Ahakoa kāore tēnei tikanga e whakakapi i te whakamātautau tika, ka whakaratohia e te aroturuki ātete he pikitia ā-wāhi tonu e āwhina ana ki te tere ake te whakatau whakatau i te mara.
Ngā Painga me ngā Here
Ko ngā painga matua o te tikanga ātete ko tōna whānuitanga o te horahanga, te āhua kore-whakangaro, te kaha ki te mahere i ngā rerekētanga taha, me te tere whanaunga. He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga mō te whakaiti i te koretake tuatahi me te ārahi i ngā rangahau taipitopito. Heoi, he herenga tō te ātete: ehara i te mea ahurei te whakamaoritanga, ko te tikanga ka taea e te uara ātete kotahi te tohu i ngā āhuatanga rauemi rerekē. Hei tāpiri, ko te pokanoa haruru mai i ngā hanganga, ngā rerekētanga o te makuku o te mata, me te pā kino o te hikohiko ka pā ki te kounga raraunga.
Nō reira, me whakanoho ngā tikanga ātete-ātete hei wāhanga o tētahi huarahi whakauru: me te whakakotahi me te keri, te SPT/CPT, te whakamātautau taiwhanga, me ngā raraunga matawhenua ā-rohe. Mā tēnei whakaurunga ka kaha ake ngā whakamaoritanga, ā, ka taea te whakamaori ki ngā tawhā matawhenua e tika ana.
Te Katinga
Kua whanake te whakamahinga o ngā tikanga ātete i roto i te hangarau whenua mai i te oro kotahi-ahu māmā ki te whakaahua o raro i te mata 2D me te 3D whai kiko. Nā tōna kaha ki te mahere i te stratigraphy, ngā āhua o te toka papa, ngā rohe oneone ngohengohe, ngā ara mimiti, tae atu ki ngā kōhao karst, he taputapu nui tēnei hei tautoko i te hoahoa turanga, te pumau o te pari, me te haumaru o ngā hanganga. Ahakoa e hiahiatia ana te whakamārama me te whakatikatika tupato me ngā raraunga tika, he nui te uara tāpiri o ngā tikanga ātete: te whakatere i te māramatanga ki ngā āhuatanga o raro i te mata me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea hanga. Mā te whakamahere ruri tika me te whakauru maha-raraunga, ka taea e te ātete te noho hei wāhanga matua i roto i ngā rangahau whenua hou.
