Auahatanga i roto i ngā Whakaritenga Transdermal
Ko te tukunga whakawhiti kiri he tikanga tuku rongoā mā roto i te kiri hei whakaputa i ngā pānga ā-rohe, ā-tinana rānei. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā huarahi ā-waha, ā-injectable rānei, he nui ngā painga o te tukunga whakawhiti kiri: te karo i te pākia o te rongoā tuatahi i roto i te ate, te whakapai ake i te ngohengohe o te tūroro nā te mea he ngāwari, me te tuku i te tukunga rongoā pumau mō tētahi wā. Heoi, ko te kiri—ina koa ko te stratum corneum—he arai koiora tino whai hua. Ko te wero matua o te hangarau whakawhiti kiri ko te whakapai ake i te urunga o te rongoā me te kore e puta he riri, he kino ki te kiko, he rerekētanga nui rānei o te mimiti. I ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua akiakihia e ngā auahatanga i roto i ngā rauemi, te hangarau taputapu, me te pūtaiao whakatakotoranga te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha tuku whakawhiti kiri kia tino matatau ake, kia whai kiko ake.
Ngā Ariā Taketake me ngā Wero o te Transdermal
Ko te kiri tangata he mea tito mai i te kiri o waho, te kiri o raro, me te kiko o raro i te kiri. Ko te paparanga o raro—te paparanga o waho rawa o te kiri o waho—he rite ki te "taiepa pereki" he mea tito mai i ngā corneocytes (ngā pereki) me ngā lipids (te sima). He tino whiriwhiri tēnei hanganga: he ngāwari ake te haere o ngā ngota iti, he lipophilic, kāore he utu mā roto i te kiri i ngā ngota nui, he hydrophilic, he utu rānei. Nō reira, ehara i te mea he pai ngā rongoā katoa mō te tuku kiri. Ko ētahi atu wero ko ngā rerekētanga takitahi o te āhua o te kiri, ngā pānga o te pāmahana me te werawera, me te kaha o ngā urupare mate pāwera ki ngā piripiri, ki ngā whakarei urunga rānei.
Ko te auahatanga i roto i ngā whakaritenga whakawhiti kiri e aro nui ana ki ngā āhuatanga e rua: (1) te whakanui ake i te kaha o ngā rongoā ki te uru ki te ārai kiri, me te (2) te whakahaere i te tukunga o te rongoā kia rite tonu, kia haumaru, kia whai hua hoki.
Te Whanaketanga o ngā Pāti Transdermal: Mai i ngā Whakatipuranga Tūatahi ki ngā Pūnaha Atamai
Ko ngā papaki kiri o mua he pūnaha puna, he pūnaha matihiko rānei. Ka rongoatia e ngā pūnaha puna te rongoā ki roto i tētahi "pōkete" me tētahi kiriuhi e whakahaeretia ana te tere, ko ngā papaki matihiko ka whakaranu i te rongoā ki roto i tētahi pūmua ka tukuna mā te horapa. I roto i te wā, kua noho te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi pūmua me ngā piri hei kaupapa matua. E rua ngā mahi a ngā piri: te whakapiri i te papaki, ā, i ētahi wā ka mahi hei reo mō te horapa o te rongoā. I ēnei rā, kua noho te whakamahinga o ngā piri tairongo-pēhanga (PSA), he pumau ake, he iti ake te whakapataritari, ā, he hototahi ki te whānuitanga o ngā rongoā, hei paerewa.
Ko te auahatanga e whai ake nei ko ngā pāti "atamai" e kore e piri noa me te tuku i ngā rongoā engari ka taea hoki te aro ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake. Ko ētahi tauira ko ngā hoahoa e whai whakaaro ana ki ngā huringa o te pāmahana kiri, o te pH rānei hei whakarerekē i te tere tukunga. Ahakoa kāore anō kia horapa whānuitia ēnei hua katoa, kei te kitea haere te ia ki ngā pūnaha whaiaro, inā koa mō te rongoā roa.
Ngā Whakarei Whakauru Haumaru
Ko ngā whakarei uruhanga he kai e whakanui ana i te horapa o ngā rongoā mā roto i te papa kiri. Ko ngā tikanga tuku iho, ko ngā waipiro, ngā glycol, ngā terpene, ngā waikawa ngako, ētahi atu matū horoi kiri rānei. Heoi, he maha ngā whakarei tuku iho ka taea te whakararuraru, te whakararuraru, te maroke rānei mēnā ka whakamahia nuitia. Nō reira, ko ngā mahi auaha hou e aro ana ki ngā whakarei e pai ake ana ki te kiri, e whai kiko ana hoki.
Ko ngā huarahi hou ko te whakamahi i ngā huinga whakarei iti-horopeta mō ngā pānga mahi tahi, me te whakakore i te hiahia mō ngā kukū tiketike o ngā kai takitahi. Hei tāpiri, ko te kōwhiringa o ngā whakarei tūturu (hei tauira, ngā terpene motuhake) me te arotau i te ōwehenga wāhanga ngako-ki-wai i roto i ngā whakatakotoranga he rautaki hei whakataurite i te whai huatanga me te manawanui.
Ngā Pūnaha Kawe e Hangai ana ki te Nanotechnology
Kei te kawea mai e te hangarau nano ngā huringa nui ki ngā hanganga whakawhiti kiri. Kei te whakawhanakehia ngā pūnaha kawe pēnei i ngā liposome, niosomes, transfersomes, ethosomes, me ngā nanoparticles polymer hei whakarei ake i te urunga me te pumau o te rongoā . He rerekē ā rātou tikanga: ko ētahi ka "whakangawari" i ngā lipids o te stratum corneum, ko ētahi ka whakanui ake i te wairewatanga o te rongoā, ā, ko ētahi ka āwhina i te tuku haere ki ngā paparanga kiri hohonu ake.
Hei tauira, kua hangaia ngā transfersome me ngā ethosome kia ngāwari ake te whakarerekē kia taea ai e rātou te uru ki ngā kapiti moroiti i roto i te stratum corneum. I taua wā, ko ngā matūriki lipid totoka (SLN) me ngā kaikawe lipid nanostructured (NLC) e tuku ana i ngā matrices lipid ka taea te tiaki i ngā rongoā mai i te pirau, te whakaiti i te riri, me te whakarato i te tukunga whakahaere. He mea nui ēnei auahatanga mō ngā rongoā kāore e pai te wairewa, kāore e pumau ki te waikura, e hiahia ana rānei kia tukuna kia arotahi ake.
Ahakoa tōna pūmanawa, ko ngā wero o te nanotechnology ko te kaha ki te whakawhanui i te whakaputanga, te ōritetanga o te rahi o te matūriki, te pumau i te wā e rongoa ana, me te aromatawai haumaru mō te wā roa. Me whakaatu hoki e ngā ture kāore ngā pūnaha nano e whakararu i ngā tūponotanga paitini hou.
Microneedle: Ka uru ki te ārai kiri me te iti o te mamae
Ko ngā ngira iti tētahi o ngā mahi auaha rongonui o te tuku kiri. Ka whakamahia e tēnei hangarau ngā ngira iti rawa hei hanga i ngā awa rangitahi i roto i te papa kiri, kia taea ai e te rongoā te uru me te kore e mamae nui o ngā werohanga tikanga. Ka taea e ngā ngira iti te totoka (ka hangaia he pūwero ka pania te rongoā), te pania (ka pania e te rongoā te ngira), te takoto kau (he rite ki ngā werohanga iti), me te memeha (ka memeha te ngira ka tukuna te rongoā).
Ko te painga matua o ngā ngira moroiti ko te whakatuwheratanga o te āheinga ki te tuku i ngā ngota nui pērā i ngā peptide, ngā pūmua, ngā kano kano rānei, i mua he uaua ki te tuku mā te kiri. Hei tāpiri, mā te whakarewa i ngā ngira moroiti ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o te para o ngā mea koi nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia kia makahia ngā ngira hei mea koi. Ka whakarei ake hoki ngā auahatanga rauemi pērā i ngā polymer hototahi koiora me ngā huka polymerized i te haumaru me te whakamarie.
Iontophoresis me te Sonophoresis: Pūngao hei Pana i ngā Tarukino ki roto
Ko tētahi atu huarahi auaha ko te whakamahi i te pūngao ā-tinana hei whakarei ake i te urunga. Ka whakamahia e te iontophoresis he iahiko hiko ngoikore hei pana i ngā ngota ngota kua utua mā roto i te kiri. He pai tēnei tikanga mō ngā rongoā kua utua, kua taea rānei te ionize, ā, he tika ake te whakahaere i te horopeta: ka taea te whakarerekē i te tere tuku mā te whakarerekē i te iahiko. Kātahi ka whakamahia e te sonophoresis ngā ngaru ultrasound hei whakararuraru i te hanganga lipid o te stratum corneum, ka whakanui ake i te urunga.
Kei a rāua te pūmanawa ki te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ka taea te mau, kia taea ai te rongoā kāinga me te aroturuki. Ko ngā wero matua ko te whakarite i te haumaru o te whakamahinga auau, te ārai i te riri wera, me te pupuri i ngā taputapu kia māmā, kia utu hoki.
Ngā Hanganga Hou: Heri, he Rehu, me te Kiriata Whakawhiti-Kino
Haunga ngā pāti, kei te puta anō hoki ngā auahatanga i roto i ētahi atu momo inenga pērā i ngā tiēre transdermal, ngā rehu, me ngā kiriata angiangi. Mā ngā tiēre transdermal ka māmā ake te tono ki ngā wāhi whānui, ā, ka taea te whakarato i te kare whakamarie, engari he maha ngā wā ka pāngia e te raruraru o te rerekētanga o te inenga mēnā kāore e whakamahia tonutia. Ka tere, ka akuaku hoki te tono a ngā rehu transdermal, ko ngā kiriata angiangi ia he huarahi ngāwari ake hei whakakapi i ngā pāti matotoru.
I roto i tēnei horopaki, ko te hangarau rheological (te matotoru), te wā maroke, te kaha ki te hanga kiriata, me te hototahi ki te kiri ngā kaupapa matua o te whanaketanga. Me kaha te kiriata pai engari me ngāwari, me ātete ki te kiri, ā, me tuku tonu te kiri kia "manawa" hei ārai i te maceration.
Ngā Aronga ā-Mārama: Te Whakawhaiaro, Ngā Mea Kakahu, me te Whakaurunga Mamati
Kei te anga whakamua te heke mai o ngā momo horopeta whakawhiti kiri ki te whakauru atu ki te hangarau matihiko. Ko te ariā o ngā pāti ka taea te mau ka taea te aroturuki i ngā tawhā ā-tinana (hei tauira, te pāmahana kiri, te werawera, ngā tohu motuhake rānei) kātahi ka whakatika i te tere o te tukunga rongoā kei te noho hei wāhanga matua o te rangahau. Mō ngā tūroro e pāngia ana e ngā mate mau tonu, ka taea e ēnei pūnaha te whakapai ake i te whakahaere rongoā me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te nui rawa o te horopeta, te iti rawa rānei o te horopeta.
Kei te rongonui hoki te whakawhaiaro: mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga tūroro me ngā āhuatanga o te kiri ka āwhina i te whiriwhiri i te horopeta tino tika, te rahi o te papaki, te hangarau whakarei ake rānei i te urunga. Mō te wā roa, mā te whakakotahi i ngā ngira moroiti me ngā pūoko me ngā pūnaha whakahaere ka arahi pea ki te "whakaora porowhita kati" e whakatata atu ana ki te ariā o te whakaora tika.
Whakamutunga
Kei te tere haere te auahatanga i roto i ngā momo inenga whakawhiti kiri, e akiakihia ana e te hiahia mō ngā maimoatanga watea ake, haumaru ake, me te whai hua ake. Mai i ngā rauemi pāti whakapai ake me ngā whakarei urunga kiri-hoa, ki te nanotechnology, microneedles, me ngā tikanga e ahu mai ana i te pūngao pēnei i te iontophoresis, kei te whakawhānui katoa i te whānuitanga o ngā rongoā ka taea te tuku mā te kiri. Kei te mau tonu ngā wero - mai i te haumaru me te pumau ki te tauine me te whakahaere - engari he nui te kaha o te ara whanaketanga. I te whakaurunga o ngā taputapu mau me ngā hangarau matihiko, kei te huri ngā momo inenga whakawhiti kiri hei mea nui atu i te "pāti rongoā" engari he tūāpapa rongoā hou kua whaiaro ake, kua urutau hoki.
