Ngā Patene i roto i te Ahumahi Rongoā
Ko ngā pateni tētahi o ngā taputapu ture tino nui i roto i te umanga rongoā. I roto i tētahi rāngai e tino whakawhirinaki ana ki te rangahau me te whanaketanga (R&D), ka noho ngā pateni hei maru tiaki mō te auahatanga me te tikanga whakatenatena mō ngā kamupene, ngā kairangahau, me ngā whare wānanga ki te haumi nui ki te kimi i ngā rongoā hou. Heoi anō, he maha ngā wā ka noho ngā pateni hei pokapū o te tautohetohe nā te mea he pānga ki ngā utu rongoā, te wātea o ngā maimoatanga, me te urunga a te marea ki te hauora. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā o ngā pateni, tō rātou tūranga i roto i te umanga rongoā, ngā momo pateni, te whanaungatanga i waenga i te kaiwhakaū me ngā rongoā whānui, me ngā wero me ngā aronga kaupapa here ā muri ake nei.
Te Mārama ki ngā Mana Patent me ō rātou Hiranga mō te Rongoā
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te mana pateni he mana motuhake i tukuna e te kāwanatanga ki tētahi kaihanga mō tētahi mea hangarau hou, mō tētahi wā kua tohua. Mā tēnei mana motuhake ka taea e te kaipupuri pateni te aukati i ētahi atu ki te hanga, ki te whakamahi, ki te hoko, ki te kawemai, ki te tohatoha rānei i te mea hou me te kore whakaaetanga. I roto i te horopaki rongoā, ka uru pea ki ngā mea hou ngā ngota rongoā hou, ngā tukanga hanga, ngā whakatakotoranga, ngā tikanga whakamahi (ngā tohu), tae atu ki ngā pūnaha tuku rongoā.
He āhuatanga ahurei tō te umanga rongoā: he tino nui ngā utu rangahau, he roa ngā wā whakawhanake, ā, he nui hoki ngā reiti kore angitu. Ka roa pea ngā tau ki te whakawhanake i tētahi rongoā hou kotahi, tae atu ki ngā whakamātautau i mua i te haumanu, ngā whakamātautau haumanu maha-wāhanga, me ngā tukanga rēhitatanga me te tirotiro i muri i te hokohoko. Ki te kore he tiakitanga patent, ka tūpono ngā kamupene kāore e taea te whakahoki mai i ā rātou haumitanga nā te mea ka taea e ngā kaiwhakataetae te tārua i ngā hua ina whakamātauhia te whai huatanga me te haumaru o te rongoā.
Ngā Patene hei Whakatenatena mō te Auahatanga me te Whakahoki mai i te Pūtea
I roto i te mahi, he wā iti noa iho te mana whakahaere o ngā mana pateni. I roto i tēnei wā, ka taea e te kaipupuri pateni te whakatau i ngā rautaki hokohoko, tae atu ki te utu, ngā hononga raihana, me ngā kaupapa tohatoha. Ko tēnei wā motuhake e kiia ana he utu mō ngā mōrearea me ngā utu o te R&D.
Heoi, he mea nui kia mōhio ko te roanga o te wā ture o tētahi pateni ka tatauhia mai i te rā i tukuna ai te pateni, ehara i te rā i hokohokohia ai te rongoā. Nā te roa o ngā whakamātautau haumanu me ngā tukanga whakaae hokohoko, he poto ake te "wā mana whakahaere" i te mākete i te roanga o te pateni whaimana. Hei whakatika i tēnei, kua whakatinanahia e ētahi whenua ētahi atu tikanga pēnei i ētahi whakaroa o te motuhaketanga, ngā tiwhikete tiaki tāpiri rānei (i ētahi mana whakahaere), ahakoa kua ara ake hoki ngā tautohetohe mō te urunga ki ngā rongoā i roto i ēnei kaupapa here.
Ngā Momo Patene i roto i te Ahumahi Rongoā
Kāore ngā patene rongoā e tiaki i te "kai hohe" matua anake i ngā wā katoa. Ko ētahi momo patene noa i roto i te umanga ko:
1. Patene whakakotahi
Ka tiaki i ngā ngota hou, i ngā matū hohe rānei. Ko ēnei ngā patent kaha rawa atu, ā, tino whai hua hoki, nā te mea e pā tika ana ki te uho o te rongoā.
2. Tukanga pateni
Ka tiaki i ngā tikanga mō te hanga, te hanga rānei i ngā kai hohe. He mea nui ēnei patent ina he pai ake te mahi whakaputa, he haumaru ake rānei, he teitei ake rānei te parakore o te hua i tētahi tukanga motuhake.
3. Ngā patene hanga me te tito
Te tiaki i te momo horopeta o te rongoā (hei tauira, ngā papa tuku-roa, ngā kāpūru, ngā werohanga putunga), te whakakotahitanga o te matū hohe me ētahi mea tāpiri, te pumau rānei o te hanganga.
4. Patent mō te whakamahinga, te tikanga rānei o te rongoā
Ka hipoki i ngā tohu hauora hou, pērā i te rongoā i whakamahia tuatahitia mō te toto toto tiketike i muri mai ka whai hua mō ētahi atu āhuatanga. I ētahi whenua, ko te hipoki mō te "whakamahinga hauora tuarua" ka whakahaeretia e ngā tauira kereme motuhake.
5. Te āhua tioata patent, te tote, te polymorph rānei
Ka pāngia te wairewatanga, te pumau, me te wāteatanga koiora e ngā rerekētanga ā-tinana me ā-matū o tētahi ngota. He maha ngā wā ka puta ake tēnei momo ārai mate i te wā kua tino whanake haere.
Ka taea e tēnei kanorau o ngā pateni te hanga i tētahi "pūpū pateni," arā, he maha ngā pateni e tiaki ana i tētahi hua kotahi mai i ngā koki maha. Mai i te tirohanga a te kaiwhakahou, ka whakapakari ake tēnei i te tiakitanga. Mai i te tirohanga urunga, ka taea te whakaroa i te urunga mai o ngā rongoā whānui.
Ngā Rongoā Taketake, Whānui, me te Bioequivalence
I muri i te paunga o te mana pateni tuatahi, ka taea e ngā kamupene rongoā whānui te whakaputa i ngā putanga kei roto te matū hohe kotahi ki te rongoā taketake, mena ka tutuki i a rātou ngā paerewa kounga, haumaru, me te whai huatanga. I te nuinga o te wā, me whakaatu e ngā rongoā whānui te bioequivalence, arā, ko te āhua o te mimiti o te rongoā i roto i te tinana he rite ki te āhua o te hua tohutoro.
Ko te whakaurunga whānui ka tino whakaiti i ngā utu nā te pikinga o te whakataetae. He mea nui tēnei pānga mō te pūnaha hauora tūmatanui me ngā tūroro, inā koa mō ngā mate mau tonu e hiahia ana ki te rongoā mō te wā roa. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka tirohia ngā patent hei "wāhanga tuatahi" (he whakatenatena i te auahatanga) kātahi ka whakatauritea e te "wāhanga tuarua" (he whakataetae whānui) hei whakarite i te urunga whānui.
Ngā Take me ngā Tautohenga e Whakatipu Ana i roto i ngā Patene Rongoā
Ko tētahi o ngā take tino tautohenga ko te whakatipu i ngā hua i roto i te ao katoa, he rautaki hei whakawhānui i te mana o te mākete mā te tuku i ētahi atu patent kāore e whakaata ana i te auahatanga nui. Hei tauira, ko ngā huringa iti o te hanganga, te horopeta, te āhua rānei o te horopeta ka patenthia hei pehi i te whakataetae.
E kī ana ngā kaitautoko o ngā pateni ā-whakawhāiti he mea nui anō hoki ngā whakapainga ā-whakawhāiti, pērā i te whakapai ake i te tutuki o ngā whakaritenga a ngā tūroro mā roto i ngā whakatakotoranga tuku-roa, te whakaiti rānei i ngā pānga taha. Heoi, ka puta te whakahē ina kitea aua pateni he mea whakawhānui noa iho i te motuhaketanga me te kore e whakarato i ngā painga haumanu whai tikanga.
E hiahiatia ana he taurite mō tēnei tautohetohe: me utu te pūnaha patent i te auahatanga tūturu, engari me ārai hoki i te tukino e arahi ana ki ngā utu teitei tonu.
Ngā Tūranga Raihana: Motuhake, Kāore i te Motuhake, me te Whakahaunga
Haunga te whakamana i te mana pateni, kei reira anō ngā tikanga raihana e pā ana ki te urunga mai ki ngā rongoā:
– Mā te raihana motuhake ka hoatu ki tētahi rōpū anake te mana ki te whakaputa/hoko i tētahi mea hou, ko te tikanga hei utu mō ngā utu kingi.
– Mā te raihana kore-motuhake ka taea e ngā rōpū maha te whakaputa, ka taea ai te akiaki i te whakataetae tere ake.
– Ko te raihana ā-ture he kaupapa here e whakaae ana te kāwanatanga ki ētahi atu ki te whakaputa i tētahi rongoā kua patenttia me te kore whakaae a te kaipupuri patent i raro i ētahi āhuatanga, e pā ana ki te painga o te marea, pērā i te āhuatanga hauora ohorere. Me utu tonu te kaipupuri patent i tēnei tikanga.
Ko te raihana ā-ture te huarahi whakamutunga i ētahi wā, engari he mea nui pea ina hiahia ngā pūnaha hauora ki te uru atu ki ngā maimoatanga nui i ngā utu e taea ana.
Ngā Patene, Ngā Utu Rongoā, me te Uru ki te Hauora
Ehara i te mea ngāwari te hononga i waenga i ngā patent me ngā utu rongoā, engari i te nuinga o te wā, ka hono ngā patent ki ngā utu teitei ake nā te kore o te whakataetae tika. He pono rawa tēnei mō ngā rongoā auaha, tae atu ki ngā rongoā mō te mate pukupuku, ngā mate pūnaha ārai mate, me ngā rongoā koiora. I ētahi wā, ka taea e ngā utu teitei te whakararu i te wātea i ngā whenua iti me te whenua waenga-moni.
Hei whakatika i tēnei raruraru, kei te whakamahia ngā huarahi maha, pērā i ngā whiriwhiringa utu e ārahitia ana e te kāwanatanga, ngā kaupapa putea inihua hauora, ngā kaupapa urunga tūroro, te hokohoko pokapū, me ngā hononga raihana tūao. Ko te wero nui ko te hanga kaupapa here e whakatenatena ana i te auahatanga me te kore e whakararu i te tika o te marea ki te maimoatanga tika.
Ngā Wero o te Ao: Ngā Pūtaiao Koiora, Ngā Pūtaiao Koiora, me ngā Hangarau Hou
Kei te anga whakamua te umanga rongoā ki ngā rongoā koiora, ngā rongoā ira, ngā rongoā pūtau, me ngā tūāpapa e hangai ana ki te mRNA. He rerekē ngā uauatanga hanga me ngā whakaritenga patent o ēnei momo auahatanga i ngā rongoā matū tuku iho. I tētahi atu taha, kei te puta ake hoki ngā rongoā biosimilar, arā, ngā "putanga tata" o ngā rongoā koiora, e hiahia ana kia nui ake te uaua o te taunakitanga ōrite i ngā rongoā whānui tuku iho.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka ara ake ngā pātai hou i ngā hangarau matauranga horihori mō te kimi rongoā, te whakawhanaketanga kano kano hou, me ngā maimoatanga whaiaro: ko wai te rangatira o te mea hou, he aha ngā rohe o te mahi auaha, me te pēhea te whakamahi i ngā mana pateni i roto i tētahi pūnaha rangahau mahi tahi.
Whakamutunga
He pou matua ngā patent i roto i te umanga rongoā, e āhei ai te auahatanga rongoā ki te tupu, e whakarato ana i te tiaki ture mō te hokinga mai o ngā haumitanga rangahau. I taua wā anō, ka pāngia hoki ngā utu me te urunga atu ki ngā rongoā e ngā patent, e hiahiatia ana he kaupapa here taurite. Ko ngā wero pēnei i te pupuri i te hua tonu, te hiahia mō ngā rongoā nui, me te putanga mai o ngā maimoatanga hou e hiahia ana kia urutau tonu te pūnaha patent. Ko te mea pai, me whakatairanga te pūnaha patent rongoā i te kitenga o ngā maimoatanga hou, me te whakarite kia whānuitia te rongo o te marea ki ngā painga o te auahatanga.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga ki te horopaki o Initonīhia (hei tauira, te pā atu ki ngā whakaritenga o te Ture Pateni, te tūranga o te BPOM, me ngā tauira o ngā rongoā whānui me te raihana whakahau) me te tāpiri atu rānei i tētahi rārangi pukapuka me ngā tohutoro pūtaiao.
