Tikanga Tango Rauemi Taiao
Ko te tangohanga matū taiao ko te tukanga tangohanga matū hohe mai i ngā pūtake koiora pēnei i ngā tipu, ngā mea kakara, ngā hua, ngā rimurimu, ngā harore, ngā moroiti rānei hei whakamahi i roto i ngā momo hua, pēnei i ngā rongoā otaota, ngā whakapaipai, ngā kai mahi, ngā hinu kakara, tae atu ki ngā rauemi mata ahumahi. Ko te angitu o te tangohanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whiriwhiri i te tikanga tika, nā te mea he rerekē ngā āhuatanga matū me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ia matū—ko ētahi ka wairewa i roto i te wai, ko ētahi e pai ake ana ki ngā whakarewa waro, ko ētahi e aro ana ki te wera, ā, ko ētahi ka ngāwari te waikura. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga tangohanga matū taiao, ō rātou mātāpono mahi, ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga, me ngā whakaaro nui mō ngā hua tangohanga kounga.
1. Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Tangohanga
I te nuinga o te wā, ka mahi te tangohanga mā te whakawhiti papatipu: ka neke ngā matū mai i te hanganga rauemi (hei tauira, te kiko rau, te kiri rānei) ki roto i te whakarewa. He maha ngā āhuatanga matua e pā ana ki tēnei whakawhiti: te rahi o te matūriki o te rauemi (ko te mea he pai ake te tere), te momo whakarewa (polarity), te pāmahana, te wā pa, te whakaoho, me te ōwehenga o te rauemi ki te whakarewa. Ko te kaupapa matua o tēnei tukanga he "taurite" i waenga i ngā āhuatanga o te matū ūnga me te whakarewa—he mātāpono e whakarapopototia ana ko "he rite te memeha o te rite" (ko ngā matū polar ka memeha i roto i ngā whakarewa polar, ko ngā matū kore-polar ka memeha i roto i ngā whakarewa kore-polar).
2. Te Whakarite i ngā Rauemi Mata (Te Tangohanga i mua i te Tangohanga)
I mua i te tangohanga, ka whakarōpūtia te rauemi (te whiriwhiri i te rauemi kounga pai), ka horoia, ka whakamarokehia, ka whakaitihia te rahi (te tapahi, te huri rānei). He mea nui te whakamaroke hei whakaiti i te nui o te makuku me te ārai i te tipu o ngā moroiti, engari me whakahaere te pāmahana whakamaroke hei ārai i te kino o ngā matū hohe, inā koa ngā hinu kakara, ngā matū phenolic rānei e ngāwari ana te pirau. Mā te huri ka nui ake te horahanga o te mata pa, ā, ka pai ake te pai o te tangohanga; heoi, mā te huri rawa i te mea tino matotoru ka uaua ake te tātari me te whakanui ake i te paru.
3. Tikanga Tango Tikanga
a. Te Whakaiti i te Matū
Ko te whakamātotoru te tikanga māmā rawa, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i runga i te tauine iti. Ka rumakina te rauemi ki roto i te whakarewa (hei tauira, te etanoru, te methanol, te wai rānei) i te pāmahana rūma mō ētahi hāora ki ētahi rā, me te whakaoho i ētahi wā. Ko ōna painga ko ngā taputapu māmā me tōna pai mō ngā matū tairongo wera. Ko ngā ngoikoretanga ko te roa o te tukanga me te nui o te whakarewa e hiahiatia ana. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te whakamātotoru hei tango i ngā matū phenolic, flavonoids, alkaloids rānei mai i ngā otaota maroke.
b. Te whakatōtō
Ko te whakapūkara he toronga o te whakapūkara, arā, ka rere te whakarewa mā roto i te pou kei roto te rauemi. Ka neke te whakarewa mai i runga ki raro, ka kawe i ngā matū kua rewa, ka hua ake he tangohanga whai hua ake, he iti ake te wā e pau ana i te whakapūkara. He pai tēnei tikanga mō te whakaputa tangohanga otaota nui ake. Heoi, me āta whakahaere te whakapūkara i te tere rere me te whakakīkī rauemi hei ārai i te turuturu o te whakarewa mā roto i te awaawa.
c. Te rerenga o te hau
Ka tutuki te rerenga mā te whakamahana i te ranunga o te rauemi me te whakarewa ki te pāmahana kohua o te whakarewa, kātahi ka whakatōtō anō i te mamaoa kia mau tonu te rōrahi whakarewa. Ko te painga he tere ake te tangohanga nā te mea ka nui ake te wairewa me te horapa o te pāmahana teitei. Heoi, kāore i te pai tēnei tikanga mō ngā matū ka pakaru wawe i te wera, ā, ka taea te tango i ngā poke maha atu pērā i ngā kapia, i ngā wāhanga kāore i te whainga.
d. Soxhlet
Mā te tangohanga Soxhlet ka whakamahia he taputapu motuhake e taea ai e te whakarewa te kohuatia, te mimiti, kātahi ka maturuturu haere i roto i te rauemi. He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga mō te tango i ngā matū kore-polar ki ngā matū haurua-polar, pērā i te ngako, te ware pi, ētahi terpenoid rānei. Ko ōna painga ko te tino whai hua me te kore e hiahiatia he whakawhiti whakarewa tonu. Ko ngā ngoikoretanga ko te roa o te wā e hiahiatia ana me te whakamahana tonu, e tūpono ana ki te hekenga wera.
4. Ngā Tikanga Whakatōtō mō ngā Hinu Kakara
Ko te tikanga, ka tangohia ngā hinu kakara mā te whakamaroke mamaoa, mā te whakamaroke wai rānei. I roto i te whakamaroke wai, ka kohuatia te rauemi ki te wai; i roto i te whakamaroke mamaoa, ka tukuna te mamaoa wai mā roto i te rauemi. Ka haria atu e te mamaoa ngā wāhanga pūngāwerewere, kātahi ka whakakōpiritia, ka puta he ranunga hinu me te wai (he hydrosol), kātahi ka wehea. He pai tēnei tikanga mō ngā putiputi, rau, kiri rakau, me ngā rhizomes kakara pērā i te tarutaru rēmana, te korowha, te eucalyptus, me te lavender. Ko te wero ko te whakahaere i te pāmahana me te wā hei pupuri i te kakara me te ārai i te hanganga o ngā matū pirau.
5. Ngā Tikanga Tango Hou (Whakanuia te Tukanga)
a. Te Tangohanga Ultrasound (UAE)
Ka whakamahia e te Tangohanga Āwhina-Urahiko ngā ngaru orooro hei hanga i te cavitation (te pakaru o ngā mirumiru iti), ka ngawari ake te pakaru o ngā pakitara pūtau tipu, ka tere ake te tukunga o ngā matū. Ko ōna painga ko te poto ake o te wā tango, te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o te whakarewa, me tōna pai mō ngā matū tairongo-wera, nā te mea ka taea te mahi i ngā pāmahana iti ki te pāmahana waenga. Ngā ngoikoretanga: me arotau te kaha me te wā kia kore ai e kino ētahi matū.
b. Tangohanga Ngaruiti (MAE)
Ka whakamahia e te Tango Āwhina-Ngaruiti ngā ngaruiti hei whakamahana tere, hei whakamahana ōrite hoki i te whakarewa me te wai i roto i te kiko o te rauemi. Mā te pēhanga o roto ka piki ake ka tukuna ngā matū hohe. He tino tere, he tino whai hua hoki tēnei tikanga, engari me tūpato mō ngā matū ka tere te pirau ina tere te whakamahana, ā, me nui ake te utu o ngā taputapu.
c. Tangohanga Wai Tino Hihiri (SFE)
E mōhiotia whānuitia ana te SFE mō te whakamahi i te CO₂ tino kaha, arā, te CO₂ i tētahi pēhanga me te pāmahana motuhake, ka puta he āhuatanga i waenga i te hau me te wai. He tino pai te CO₂ tino kaha mō te tango i ngā matū kore-polar pērā i ngā hinu, ngā kakara, me ētahi tae, me ngā painga o te haumaru, te iti o te toenga whakarewa, me te whiriwhiringa teitei (ka taea te whakarerekē mā te pēhanga/te pāmahana). Ko te ngoikoretanga ko te haumi nui ki ngā taputapu. He maha te whakamahinga o te SFE i roto i ngā ahumahi kai me te hinu kakara hei whakaputa i ngā tangohanga kounga teitei.
d. Tangohanga Wai Pēhanga (PLE)
Ka whakamahia e tēnei tikanga he whakarewa wai i te pēhanga teitei me ngā pāmahana i runga ake i tōna pāmahana kohua noa (engari ka noho tonu i roto i te āhua wai). Ka hua ake he tango tere me te whai hua. He pai te PLE mō te whānuitanga o ngā matū, engari me whakahaere ngā tawhā kia kore ai e tangohia he maha rawa ngā wāhanga kāore e hiahiatia.
6. Te Kōwhiringa o te Whakarewa: Te Kī ki te Kounga Tango
Ka whakaarohia e te kōwhiringa whakarewa te polarity, te haumaru, te wātea, te utu, me te whakamahinga e tika ana. Mō ngā hua kai me ngā hua whakapaipai, he maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria te etanoru nā te mea he haumaru. He pai te wai mō ngā matū tino polar pērā i te huka, ngā waikawa waro, ētahi polyphenols rānei, engari ka ngawari te poke o ngā tangohanga wai e ngā moroiti mēnā kāore i te pai te whakahaere. Ka tino whai hua ngā whakarewa kore-polar pērā i te n-hexane mō ngā hinu, engari me aro nui ki ngā ture haumaru me ngā toenga whakarewa mō te whakamahinga. I roto i te mahi, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā huinga whakarewa (hei tauira, te etanoru me te wai) hei whiwhi i te whānuitanga o ngā matū.
7. Wāhanga Whai muri i te Tangohanga: Te Whakama me te Whakamaroke
I muri i te tangohanga, ka mahia te tātari, te centrifugation rānei hei wehe i te toenga. Kātahi ka taea te whakamātotoru i te tangohanga mā te mimiti (hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i te mīhini mimiti hurihuri) hei whakaiti i te whakarewa. Mena e hiahiatia ana he paura, ka taea te whakamaroke i te tangohanga mā te whakamaroke rehu, te whakamaroke tio rānei, he ngawari ake ēnei ki ngā matū e pāngia ana e te wera. Ka taea te mahi i ngā mahi purenga pēnei i te wehewehenga wai-wai, te chromatography, te wehenga kiriuhi rānei mena he matū motuhake te ūnga he tino parakore.
8. Te Mana Kounga me te Whakapūmautanga
He tino rerekē ngā tangohanga kai māori nā te āhua o te wā, te wāhi whakatipu, te tau hauhake, me ngā tikanga rokiroki. Nō reira, he mea nui te whakahaere kounga, tae atu ki te whakamātautau i te nui o te makuku, te poke o te moroiti, ngā konganuku taumaha, ngā toenga whakarewa, me ngā kōtaha matū hohe mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te TLC, HPLC, GC-MS rānei (mō ngā wāhanga pūngāwerewere). Mā te paerewa ka whakarite kia ōrite ngā tangohanga mai i te puranga ki te puranga, kia haumaru, kia puta ai ngā hua e hiahiatia ana.
Whakamutunga
He rerekē ngā tikanga tango kai māori, mai i ngā tikanga māmā pēnei i te whakamaeneene ki ngā hangarau hou pēnei i te ultrasound, te microwave, me te supercritical CO₂. Kāore he tikanga kotahi e pai ana mō ngā tono katoa; me whakarite te kōwhiringa tikanga ki te momo kai, te matū ūnga, te aro ki te wera, ngā whakaritenga tauine whakaputa, te utu, me ngā ture haumaru. Mā te whakarite tika i ngā rauemi, te whiriwhiringa whakarewa tika, me te whakahaere kounga kaha, ka taea e te tango te whakaputa hua kounga teitei e whai hua ana mō te hauora, te ataahua, me ngā ahumahi e ahu mai ana i te taiao.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia arotahi ki tētahi whakamahinga motuhake (hei tauira, te tangohanga mō ngā mea whakapaipai, ngā rongoā otaota, ngā hinu kakara rānei) me te tāpiri i ngā tauira mahi o ngā tikanga me ngā tawhā (te ōwehenga whakarewa, te pāmahana, me te wā).
