Hangarau Pūhiko o te Ao o Muri Mai: He aha ngā mea hei tumanako atu?
Kua riro ngā pākahiko hei "mīhini ngaro" e whakakaha ana i te ao hou. Mai i ngā waea pūkoro e puritia ana e tātou, ki ngā pona e whakamahia ana e tātou mō te mahi, ki ngā waka hiko e piki haere ana te rongonui i runga i ō tātou rori, e whakawhirinaki ana ngā mea katoa ki te kaha o ngā pākahiko ki te penapena me te tuku hiko haumaru. Heoi, kei te tere ake te tipu o ngā hiahia hiko o ēnei rā i ngā kaha o ngā pākahiko tuku iho. Nō reira, kua tere te tere o te rangahau pākahiko i roto i te tekau tau kua hipa—ehara i te mea kia nui ake ngā pākahiko, engari kia tere ake te utu, kia roa ake te mau, kia haumaru ake, kia pai ake hoki te taiao. Nō reira, he aha te āhua o te ao o te hangarau pākahiko, ā, he aha te mea pono hei tumanako atu?
He aha tātou i hiahia ai ki tētahi whakatupuranga hou o ngā pākahiko?
Ko te nuinga o ngā taputapu o ēnei rā e whakamahi ana i ngā pākahiko lithium-ion (Li-ion). Kua angitu tēnei hangarau nā te mea he nui te kaha o te pūngao, te kaha ki te whakakī anō i ngā rau, i ngā mano rānei o ngā wā, me te heke haere o ngā utu whakaputa. Heoi, he iti noa ngā herenga o te Li-ion: he uaua ngā mekameka tuku o ōna rauemi mata (pērā i te nikara, te kōpara, me te karāpeti); ka taea e te whakakī tere te whakatere i te pirau; kei te mau tonu te mōrearea o te "rerenga wera" ahakoa te matatau haere o ngā pūnaha whakahaere; ā, kei te tata atu tōna pūngao motuhake ki te rohe ariā mō ētahi hoahoa.
I tētahi atu taha, ko te hiko o te kawe waka me te hiahia mō te rokiroki pūngao mō te whatunga hiko e hiahia ana ki ngā pākahiko he iti ake te utu mō ia kilowatt-haora, he haumaru mō te whakatinanatanga nui, he kaha ki te mahi i te whānuitanga o te pāmahana, ā, kāore e whakawhirinaki ki ngā rauemi onge, ki ngā rauemi raruraru pāpori-taiao rānei. Koinei te take e puta ake ai ngā momo huarahi pākahiko o te whakatupuranga hou.
1) Pūhiko āhua-totoka: te kupu whakaari mō te haumaru me te matotoru o te pūngao
Ko tētahi o ngā mea e kōrerohia ana ko te pākahiko totoka, e whakakapi ana i te irahiko wai (pērā i te Li-ion) ki te irahiko totoka. I roto i te ariā, ka taea e te irahiko totoka te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te ahi, te whakaae ki te whakamahinga o ngā anode whakarewa lithium (ka taea pea te whakanui ake i te kiato pūngao), me te whakawhānui ake i te awhe pāmahana mahi.
Heoi, he nui ngā wero. He uaua te hanga i tētahi hononga totoka-totoka pumau i waenga i ngā irahiko me te electrolyte: ka taea e te ātete pa te whakaheke i te mahi, ā, ko te hanganga o ngā dendrite (ngā hanganga rite ki te ngira ka taea te uru ki te electrolyte) he take tonu i roto i ētahi hoahoa. Hei tāpiri, ko te hanga totoka-āhua nui me whai tukanga hou, taputapu hou, me te whakahaere kounga pakari ake. I roto i ngā tau torutoru e whai ake nei, tera pea ka kite tātou i ngā taputapu totoka-āhua tuatahi e puta mai ana i roto i ngā tono utu nui, iti rānei, i mua i te tino rongonui.
Ngā mea hei tumanako atu: he pākahiko haumaru ake, he māmā ake pea mō ngā waka hiko, engari ko te whakamahinga whānui pea ka āta haere—tīmata me te iti o te hanga, kātahi ka piki haere i te pakeketanga o te hanga.
2) Ritiumu-whāwhā: he nui te pūngao me te iti o te roanga o te ora
He mea ātaahua ngā pākahiko lithium-whanariki (Li-S) nā te mea he nui te whanariki, he iti hoki te utu, ā, e ai ki te ariā he nui ake te mātotoru o te pūngao i te Li-ion. Nā tēnei ka ātaahua te Li-S mō ngā tono tairongo-taimaha pērā i ngā waka rererangi iti, ngā rererangi māmā, ngā taputapu motuhake rānei.
Ko te raru matua o te Li-S ko te pirau. Tērā tētahi āhuatanga e kiia nei ko te "polysulfide shuttle," e memeha haere ai ngā matū, ka ngaro ai te kaha me te whai huatanga. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā panonitanga o te rōrahi rauemi i te wā o ngā huringa utu/tuku ka tere te pirau o te hanganga hiko.
Ngā mea hei tumanako atu: Tērā pea ka puta tuatahi a Li-S i ngā mākete motuhake e hiahia ana kia iti te taumaha, i te mea kei te tatari tonu ngā waka hiko o te mākete papatipu ki tētahi putanga hou i roto i te pumau o te huringa.
3) Konutai-ion: te utu iti me te manawanui o te mekameka tuku
I te mea kua noho te lithium hei taonga rautaki, kua neke te aro ki ngā pākahiko konutai-ion (Na-ion). He nui ake te konutai i te lithium, ā, he whānui te horapa, he mea ātaahua mō te whakaiti i ngā utu me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea tuku. He pai hoki te Na-ion mō te rokiroki pūngao tūmau me ngā waka hiko tawhiti-waenga.
Ko te ngoikoretanga: Ko te tikanga he iti ake te mātotoru o te pūngao o te Na-ion i te Li-ion. Ko te tikanga tēnei, mō te whānuitanga ōrite, ka taea te nui ake, te taumaha ake rānei te pākahiko. Heoi, mō ētahi tono—pērā i ngā waka o te tāone, ngā motopaika hiko, ngā pākahiko whatunga rānei—e whakaaetia ana tēnei taupatupatu nā te mea he mea nui ake te utu me te haumaru.
Ngā mea hei tumanako atu: Kei te tere ake te tipu o te Na-ion i ngā wāhanga e aro nui ana ki te utu, ā, he tāpiri pea ki te Li-ion, ehara i te whakakapinga katoa.
4) Te whanaketanga o te LFP me te Li-ion: kāore te auahatanga e tohu tonu i te "momo hou"
Kāore te heke mai o ngā pākahiko e tohu ana i te whakakapinga katoa o ngā matū. Ahakoa i ēnei rā, he maha ngā whanaketanga e puta mai ana i ngā whakapainga ki te Li-ion. Ko tētahi tauira matua ko te lithium rino phosphate (LFP): he haumaru ake, he ātete ake ki te huringa, ā, he iti ake te utu nā te mea kāore e whakamahia he nikara me he cobalt. Ko te ngoikoretanga ko te iti o te kiato pūngao ki te whakataurite ki te NMC/NCA (ngā matū e hangai ana ki te nikara). Heoi, ko ngā whakapainga i roto i te hoahoa kete, te aerodynamics o te waka, me te pai o te motuka kei te āwhina ki te kati i te āputa.
Haunga te LFP, kei reira anō ngā whanaketanga pēnei i:
– Ngā āwhata silicon hei whakanui ake i te kaha (ahakoa he nui tonu ngā wero mō te whakawhanake i te rōrahi).
– Ngā tāpiringa irahiko hei whakanui ake i te roa o te mahi me te utu tere.
– Te hoahoa pūtau-ki-te-pūtau/pūtau-ki-te-tinana hei whakaiti i ngā wāhanga me te whakapiki i te whai huatanga o te wāhi.
Ngā mea hei tumanako atu: ka haere tonu ngā whakapainga āta haere engari he nui ki te Li-ion, ā, tera pea ka noho hei rangatira mō te tekau tau e whai ake nei ahakoa ka tīmata te urunga mai o ngā hangarau hou ki te mākete.
5) Te utu tere rawa: ehara i te mea ko ngā "utu nui" anake
He tokomaha e whakaaro ana ko te heke mai o ngā pākahiko he rite ki te utunga 5–10 meneti mō ngā waka hiko. E taea ana, engari he uaua. Ko te utunga tere e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga maha: te matū o te pākahiko, te whakahaere pāmahana, te hoahoa hiko, me ngā āheinga whatunga. Ka whakanui ake te utunga nui i te mōrearea o te whakakikorua lithium, ā, ka whakaiti i te roa o te pākahiko.
Kei roto i ngā otinga ko ngā pākahiko he ātete ake ki ngā iahiko teitei, ngā pūnaha whakamatao pakari ake, ngā rauropi utu atamai (ngā kōtaha iahiko-ngaohiko urutau), me ngā hanganga hiko e kaha ana ki te whakahaere i ngā kawenga tihi. Ka kite hoki tātou i te whakaurunga o te whakaritenga mua o te pākahiko: ka whakamahanahia, ka whakamataohia rānei te pākahiko ki te pāmahana tino pai i mua i te tīmatanga o te utu tere.
Ngā mea hei tumanako: ka tino pai ake ngā wā utu, engari ko ngā kereme "he tere rite ki te tāke penehīni" ka noho hei āhuatanga motuhake mō ngā āhuatanga me ngā waka motuhake, kaua hei paerewa whānui i roto i ngā wā e tata mai nei.
6) Te hangarua me te "ora tuarua": ngā pākahiko hei huringa ōhanga
Ehara i te mea ko te mahi anake te kaupapa o te pākahiko o te heke mai, engari ko te pumau anō hoki. E rua ngā au nui i konei:
1. Te hangarua rauemi: te whakaora i te konukōre, te nikara, te konukura, te parahi, te konumohe, me te karāpeti hei whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā maina hou. Kei te whanake tonuhia ngā tukanga hangarua wai me te hangarua tika kia pai ake ai, kia ōhanga ai hoki.
2. Te ora tuarua: Ko ngā pākahiko waka hiko kua heke te kaha (hei tauira, ki te 70–80%), tera pea e pai tonu ana mō te rokiroki pūngao tūmau, pērā i te pūngao kāinga, te whakamahinga ahumahi, te taurite pūngao rā rānei. Mā tēnei ka roa ake te uara ōhanga o te pākahiko i mua i te hangarua.
Ngā mea hei tumanako atu: ka piki haere te hiahia o ngā ture kia mārama te tapuwae waro me te mekameka tuku, nō reira ka noho te hangarua hei wāhanga matua o te umanga, ehara i te mea he kōwhiringa noa iho.
7) Ngā pākahiko mō te whatunga hiko: ngā hiahia rerekē, ngā toa rerekē
Mō te whatunga hiko, ko te mea nui ehara i te kiato pūngao mō ia kirokaramu, engari ko te utu mō ia kWh, te roa o te huringa, te haumaru, me te ngāwari o te tiaki. I tēnei wāhanga, ka kitea pea he wāhi mō ngā hangarau pēnei i te konutai-ion, ngā pākahiko rere (hei tauira, te vanadium redox), tae atu ki ngā pākahiko konutea me te rino.
Hei tauira, he pai ngā pākahiko rere mō te wā rokiroki roa me te roa o te huringa nā te mea ka rongoa te pūngao i roto i ngā irahiko i roto i ngā tāke motuhake. Heoi, nā te rahi me te utu e pai ake ai mō ngā tāutanga tūmau.
Ngā mea hei tumanako atu: ka rerekē te āhua—he maha ngā momo pākahiko e noho tahi ana i runga anō i te mahi, kāore he momo pākahiko kotahi e pai mō te katoa.
He aha tā tātou e taea ai te tumanako?
Hei whakarāpopototanga, e toru ngā huarahi whānui e nekehia ana e te hangarau pākahiko ā muri ake nei: he haumaru ake, he iti ake te utu, ā, he pumau ake, me te whai i ngā whāinga mahi pēnei i te whānuitanga me te utu tere. I roto i te wā waenga, ko te Li-ion (tae atu ki ngā momo LFP me te nikara-nui) kei te noho tonu hei kaiārahi, nā te mea kua pakari tana pūnaha whakaputa. Heoi, kei a te konutai-ion te kaha ki te whakakī i te wāhanga utu iti, ko te āhua totoka he kaitono mō ngā waka utu nui, ngā hiahia motuhake rānei ina wikitoriahia ngā wero hanga.
Ki ngā kaihoko, ko te huringa tino kitea ehara pea i te matū o te pākahiko e whakamahia ana, engari ko te wheako: he iti ake te utu o ngā waka hiko, he tere ake, he pumau ake te utu, he roa ake te ora o te pākahiko, me te nui ake o te whakaaro haumaru. Ki ngā umanga me ngā kāwanatanga, ehara i te mea ko te auahatanga taiwhanga anake te mea nui, engari ko te kaha ki te whakaputa papatipu, te whakarite i te tuku rauemi matatika, me te hanga pūnaha hangarua ōhanga.
Hei te mutunga, e kore te pākahiko o te heke mai e puta mai hei peke kotahi, engari he raupapa o ngā whanaketanga me ngā putanga hou e tautokona ana. Ā, ina tupu tēnā, ka nui atu tōna pānga i tua atu i ngā taputapu me ngā waka—ko ngā pākahiko te tūāpapa matua mō te whakawhiti hiko o te ao ki tētahi pūnaha ma, pakari ake.
