Te Mahi a ngā Pūhiko Hangarua
Nā te pana ki te pūngao ma, kua tere te pikinga o te whakamahinga pākahiko—mai i ngā waea pūkoro me ngā pona ki ngā waka hiko me te rokiroki pūngao nui. Ahakoa ō rātou painga, he wero taiao anō hoki ngā pākahiko: he iti noa ngā rauemi mata, he tukunga mai i te keri maina, me te mōrearea o ngā para kino mēnā ka makahia he koretake. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi mai ai te ariā o ngā pākahiko hangarua. Ehara i te mea ko ngā pākahiko hangarua he pākahiko "kua whakamahia" noa iho, engari he wāhanga o te pūnaha porowhita e whakahoki ana i ngā rauemi whai hua ki te mekameka tuku. Nō reira, me pēhea te mahi a ngā pākahiko hangarua?
He aha te Pūhiko Hangarua?
Ko te kupu "pūhiko hangarua" e pā ana ki ngā mea e rua. Tuatahi, ko ngā pūhiko i hangaia mai i ngā rauemi hangarua, pērā i te nikara, te kōpara, te riitiuma, te konupūmā, te karāpeti, te parahi, me te konumohe i tangohia mai i ngā pūhiko kua whakamahia. Tuarua, ko ngā pūhiko i hangaia kia ngāwari te hangarua, pērā i te whakamahi i ngā hoahoa taupū, ngā whitiki tango ngāwari, me ngā tapanga matū mārama. I roto i ngā mahi ahumahi, ko te arotahi matua ko te hanga i tētahi porowhita kati: ka tukatukahia ngā pūhiko kua whakamahia, ka whakahokia mai ō rātou rauemi, kātahi ka whakamahia anō hei hanga pūtau pūhiko hou.
He aha i Me Hangarua ai Ngā Pūhiko?
Kei roto i ngā pākahiko—ina koa ko ngā pākahiko lithium-ion—ngā rauemi whai hua me ngā rauemi morearea pea. He mea nui te hangarua nā te mea:
1. Whakaitihia te keri: Mā te kohikohinga o te nikara, te konupora, me te konupora ka whakaiti i te hiahia mō te keri hou.
2. Whakaitihia te tapuwae waro: Ko te hanga rauemi hou mai i te keri he mea nui ake te kaha.
3. Ārai i te parahanga: Ka kino pea ngā irahiko me ētahi matū mena ka turuturu ki roto i te oneone, ki te wai rānei.
4. Haumaru: Ka taea tonu e ngā pākahiko kua whakamahia te penapena pūngao, ā, ka tūpono pea ki te poto te ara iahiko, ki te mura rānei mēnā ka hē te whakahaere.
5. Te haumarutanga o ngā taonga: Ka taea e ngā whenua, e ngā ahumahi rānei te whakaiti i tō rātou whakawhirinaki ki ngā rauemi mata kawemai.
Ara, ka "mahi" ngā pākahiko hangarua hei puna rauemi hou, ehara i te mea he para noa iho.
Wāhanga 1: Kohikohi me te Whakarōpū
Ka tīmata te tukanga mā te kohikohi i ngā pākahiko kua whakamahia mā roto i ngā pokapū hangarua, ngā kaupapa whakahoki mai a ngā kaihanga, ngā toa whakatika waka hiko, ngā wāhi whakahaere para hiko rānei. Kia kohia, me whakarōpū ngā pākahiko, nā te mea kāore i te ōrite te hanganga o ngā pākahiko katoa. He maha ngā momo matū e wātea ana: LFP (lithium iron phosphate), NMC (nickel manganese cobalt), NCA, LCO, me ētahi atu. He mea nui te whakarōpū nā te mea he rerekē te rautaki whakaora e hiahiatia ana mō ia momo, ā, he rerekē hoki ngā uara rauemi.
I tēnei wā, ka tirohia e te whare:
– Momo pākahiko (porotaka, putea, pirihi, waeine waka)
– Te āhua o te tinana (pakaru, pupuhi, wera)
– Te whenua e whai kawenga ana mō te haumaru
– Ngā mōhiohio tapanga, ngā raraunga BMS (Pūnaha Whakahaere Pūhiko) rānei kei runga i te pākahiko o te waka
Hipanga 2: Te Whakamau i te Pūhiko kia Haumaru (Te Tukunga me te Whakapūmau)
I mua i te wetewetehia, ka tukuna ngā pākahiko ki te tukanga tukunga hei whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā ara iahiko poto me ngā ahi. Mō ngā pākahiko waka hiko, ka nui pea ngā ngaohiko o ngā kōwae, o ngā kete rānei, ā, me whai tikanga me ngā taputapu haumaru motuhake.
Whai muri i tēnā, ka mahia te whakau, hei tauira mā te whakamahi i tētahi taiao kore mahi, te whakamatao, ngā tikanga whakahaere rānei e ārai ana i te tauhohenga o te electrolyte ki te hau. Ko te whāinga matua kia haumaru te pākahiko mō te wetewete me te tukatuka miihini.
Wāhanga 3: Te Wetewete
Ka taea te wetewete ā-ringa, ā-haurua-aunoa, ā-aunoa rānei. I roto i ngā pākahiko waka hiko, ka whakatuwheratia te kete hei wehewehe:
– Te anga me te hanganga (te maitai, te konumohe)
– Ngā taura me ngā pae pahi (parahi/konumohe)
– Pūnaha whakamatao me ngā wāhanga hiko
– Ngā kōwae me ngā pūtau
Mā te wetewete tika ka pai ake te whakaora rauemi, ka whakaiti hoki i te parahanga whakawhiti. Heoi, he uaua hoki te wetewete nā te mea he rerekē ngā hoahoa pākahiko i waenga i ngā kaihanga, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia he piripiri, he whakarewa rānei e uaua ana ki te tango.
Wāhanga 4: Te Tukatuka Ā-Mīhini me te Hanga i te "Papa Pango"
I muri i te whakahaere i ngā pūtau pākahiko, ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te tukatuka ā-ringa pēnei i:
– Te haehae (te tapatapahi) i raro i ngā tikanga whakahaeretia
– Te tātari me te wehenga rahi matūriki
– Wehenga aukume hei wehe i te rino
– Te whakarōpūtanga hau hei wehewehe i ngā wāhanga mārama
– Te wehenga mātotoru mō te parahi me te konumohe
Ko te hua matua o tēnei wāhanga ko te papatipu pango, he ranunga paura e nui ana ngā rauemi katote/anote hohe. Ko te papatipu pango kei roto i te nuinga o te wā ko te lithium, te nikara, te konupora, te konupora, te karāpeti, me te electrolyte me te here toenga. Koinei te "maina" matua i roto i te hangarua pākahiko hou.
Wāhanga 5: Te Whakaora Rauemi (Te Whakamahinga Wai me te Whakamahinga Wai)
Koinei te wāhi e puta ai te kaupapa matua o "te mahi a ngā pākahiko hangarua": kāore ngā pākahiko kua whakamahia e whakamahia anōtia ana, engari e wawahia ana hei rauemi mata.
1) Pyrometallurgy (Tukanga Wera)
Ka whakamahia e tēnei tikanga ngā pāmahana teitei hei whakarewa me te wehewehe i ngā konganuku. Ko ōna painga:
– He ātete ake ki ngā ranunga matū pākahiko
– He tino māmā noa te tukanga mō te wāhanga tuatahi o te wehenga.
Engari he ngoikoretanga anō hoki:
– Te nui o te whakapaunga pūngao
– Tērā pea ka mutu ētahi huānga (pērā i te konukōre me te konumohe) hei para, me mahi rānei ētahi atu mahi hei whakaora.
– Me tino whakahaere ngā tukunga ka puta
He maha ngā wā ka puta he koranu whakarewa (hei tauira, kei roto ko te nikara, te konukura, te parahi) i roto i te mahi whakarewa pūmua, kātahi ka whakatikatikaina anō.
2) Te Whakarewa Wai (Te Tukanga Matū Mākū)
Mā tēnei tikanga ka whakarewahia te papatipu pango mā te whakamahi i tētahi otinga motuhake (waikawa, tētahi atu mea horoi rānei), kātahi ka wehea te konganuku mā roto i:
– te ua whiriwhiri,
– te tango whakarewa,
– te whakawhiti katote,
– te whakatioatatanga.
Ngā painga:
– He tere te whakaora mō te nikara/kopara/manganese, ā, ka taea te whakapai ake mō te konukōreiti
– Ka tino teitei te parakore o te hua, he pai mō ngā rauemi katote hou
Ngā ngoikoretanga:
– Ka whakaputa i ngā para wai me tukatuka
– Me āta whakahaere te tukanga
I roto i ngā whare hou maha, kei te rongonui haere te whakakotahitanga o te tukatuka miihini me te hydrometallurgy nā te mea he pai ake.
3) Te Hangarua Tika
Ko tēnei huarahi e ngana ana ki te whakaora i te rauemi katote hohe me te kore e wawahi katoatia kia rite ki ōna huānga taketake. Hei tauira, ka whakahoutia (ka hurihia) ngā katote "kore e mau tonu" kia taea ai te whakamahi anō. Mena ka angitu i runga i te tauine nui, ka taea e te hangarua tika te:
– penapena pūngao,
– whakaitihia te wāhanga whakamahine,
– te pupuri i te uara o ngā rauemi hohe.
Heoi, he tairongo ake tēnei tikanga ki te poke me ngā rerekētanga matū, nō reira kei te whanake tonu tōna whakamahinga.
Wāhanga 6: Te Huri hei Rauemi Mata o te Pūhiko Hou
I muri i te whakahokinga mai o te konganuku, ka whakaputa te umanga i ngā hua takawaenga pēnei i:
– te konukōre hauota, te konukōre hauota, te konukōre hauota (mō ngā matūmua katote),
– te konupūmā konupūmā, te konupūmā hauwai rānei,
– te parahi parakore me te konumohe,
– te karāpeti kua whakapaia (i roto i ētahi tukanga).
Kātahi ka uru anō tēnei rauemi ki te mekameka whakaputa: ka hangaia hei matū mua, hei katote hohe, hei anote, kātahi hei pūtau pākahiko hou. I tēnei wā ka tino mahi ngā "pākahiko hangarua" hei rauemi—ka whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki te keri me te kati i te porowhita rauemi.
He aha te Tūranga o te "Ora Tuarua" i roto i te Pūnaha Hangarua?
I mua i te hangarua, ka taea e ētahi pākahiko—ina koa ko ngā mea mai i ngā waka hiko—te uru ki te wā ora tuarua. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ko ngā pākahiko kua heke te kaha mō te waka (hei tauira, kei te 70–80%) tonu ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā tono kāore e hiahia ana ki te mahi teitei, pēnei i:
– te rokiroki hiko o te kāinga,
– te mana tārua,
– te rokiroki pūngao mō ngā panera rā,
– ngā taurite kawenga i roto i te ahumahi.
Mā te ora tuarua ka roa ake te roa o te pākahiko, ka whakaroa i te hangarua, ā, ka whakapiki ake i tōna uara ōhanga. Heoi anō, i te mutunga, ka hangarua tonutia te pākahiko.
Ngā Wero Matua o te Hangarua Pūhiko
Ahakoa he mea whai hua, he maha ngā wero e pā ana ki te hangarua pākahiko:
– Hoahoa kore-taurite: he uaua ki te wetewete me te wehewehe.
– Ngā mōrearea haumaru: ka puta he ahi i ngā pākahiko kua pakaru.
– Te ōhanga tukanga: kei te heke te uara o te konukōre i roto i ētahi matū hou (hei tauira, te LFP), nō reira me urutau ngā tauira pakihi.
– Tauine me ngā mahi whakahaere: me whai pūnaha kohikohinga pai me ngā ture tautoko.
– Te parakore o te hua: kia taea ai te whakahoki anō ki te pākahiko, me tutuki i te rauemi ngā whakaritenga teitei.
Kei roto i te otinga te auahatanga hoahoa, ngā paerewa ahumahi, te aunoatanga wetewete, me te kaupapa here whānui mō te kawenga a te kaihanga.
Whakamutunga
Ka mahi ngā pākahiko hangarua mā roto i tētahi tukanga hanganga: ka kohia, ka waiho kia haumaru, ka wetewetehia, ka kuruhia kia pango, kātahi ka whakahokia mai ngā rauemi mā roto i ngā tikanga wera, matū mākū, tikanga hangarua tika rānei. Ko te mutunga iho ehara i te mea ko te whakaiti i ngā para engari ko ngā rauemi mata hou mō te hanga pākahiko o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei. Mā te pūnaha hangarua kua tino whakawhanakehia, ka taea e ngā pākahiko te whai wāhi atu ki tētahi ōhanga porowhita—te whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao me te whakanui ake i te kaha o te tuku rauemi e tino nui ana ki te heke mai o te pūngao.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarite i tēnei tuhinga mō tētahi hunga whakarongo motuhake (ākonga, whānui, hangarau), tāpirihia he raraunga tatauranga, tāpirihia rānei he rārangi pukapuka me ngā puna pono.
