Te Iwi me te Iwi i roto i te Anthropology
Ko te mātauranga tangata, hei ako whānui mō te tangata, e kapi whānui ana i ngā momo mara e ruku ana ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te oranga tangata, tae atu ki ō tātou anga ahurea, ngā hanganga pāpori, me ngā whanaketanga koiora. I roto i tēnei mara whānui o te ako, e rua ngā peka matua—te mātauranga iwi me te mātauranga iwi—e whai wāhi nui ana ki te whakatairanga i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā hapori tangata. Ahakoa he hononga tata ēnei mara iti, he rerekē rawa ā rātou tikanga, ā rātou whāinga, me ā rātou whānuitanga, ā, e whakarato ana i ngā tirohanga rerekē ki te rangahau mātauranga tangata.
Te Iwi Māori: Te Toi o te Tirotiro Taipitopito
Ko te kupu "etnography", i ahu mai i ngā kupu Kariki "ethnos" (iwi) me "grapho" (ki te tuhituhi), e pā ana ki te ako pūnaha me te tuhi taipitopito i ngā ahurea tangata. E aro nui ana ki te mahi mara rumaki, te wāhi e whakauru ai ngā kairangahau i a rātou anō ki te hapori e akohia ana hei tirotiro me te whai wāhi atu ki te oranga o ia rā. Ko te whāinga o tēnei huarahi whai wāhi ko te hura i ngā āhuatanga uaua o ngā taunekeneke pāpori, ngā kawa, me ngā tikanga ahurea mai i te tirohanga a te tangata o roto.
Ko te tikanga, ka whakamahia e ngā rangahau ā-iwi ngā tikanga kounga pēnei i te mātakitaki whai wāhi, ngā uiuinga hōhonu, me te whai wāhi tonu mō ngā wā roa. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te kohikohi i ngā raraunga matatau me te whai kiko hei whakarato i ngā māramatanga hōhonu ki ngā whanaketanga pāpori-ahurea o tētahi rōpū. Ko te whāinga matua ko te whakaputa i ngā whakaahuatanga matotoru—he kupu nā Clifford Geertz i tito—e whakaatu ana i ngā paparanga matatini o te tikanga kei raro i ngā āhuatanga pāpori.
Te Iwi: Te Tātaritanga Whakataurite
Ahakoa e aro ana te rangahau ira tangata ki te ako hōhonu i tētahi ahurea, he whānui ake te huarahi whakatairite a te rangahau ira tangata. Ko te rangahau ira tangata te whakataurite pūnaha o ngā āhuatanga ahurea puta noa i ngā hapori rerekē hei tautuhi i ngā tauira, ngā auautanga, me ngā rerekētanga. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tikanga whakatairite he whakawhanake i ngā ariā mō ngā tukanga ahurea, ngā whanonga, me ngā umanga.
I runga i ngā ariā me ngā whakapae, ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga mātauranga iwi ngā raraunga i kohia mai i ngā rangahau ahurea maha hei tātari me te whakamārama i ngā tauira ahurea whānui. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga rerekē, ngā mahi whakapono, ngā whakawhitiwhitinga ōhanga, ngā hanganga pāpori, me ētahi atu. Mā te āhua whakatairite o te mātauranga iwi ka taea e ngā kairangahau te tautuhi i ngā mātāpono whānui me ngā āhuatanga ahurea, ā, ka whai wāhi atu ki tō tātou māramatanga whānui mō te kanorau me te ōritetanga o te tangata.
Te Hononga i waenganui i te Ethnography me te Ethnology
He hononga ā-roto tō te etnography me te ethnology; kāore e taea e tētahi te tupu me te kore tētahi. Mā te mahi mara ethnography ka whakaratohia ngā raraunga ahurea taipitopito e tika ana mō ngā whakatairite ethnological, ko te ethnology ia ka whakaratohia he anga mō te mārama ki ngā pānga whānui o ngā kitenga ethnography. Mā te mahi tahi, ka hangaia he mahi tahi hihiri e whakarei ake ana i te ariā me te mahi ethnological.
Te Iwi Māori: Ngā Tikanga me ngā Wero
Ko te kaupapa matua o te rangahau ahurea ko tōna pakari me ōna tikanga rumaki. Ko te tirotiro whai wāhi me whai wāhi ngā kairangahau ki ngā oranga o ia rā me ngā mahi a te hapori, me te whakatipu i te whakawhirinaki me te whanaungatanga i roto i te wā. Mā tēnei whai wāhi roa ka āwhina i te māramatanga hohonu ake ki ngā mahi ahurea me ngā taunekeneke pāpori.
Mā ngā uiuinga hōhonu ka āwhina i te tirohanga a te hunga whai wāhi mā te whakarato i te urunga atu ki ngā kōrero whaiaro, ngā whakapono, me ngā wheako kāore pea e kitea wawetia. Hei tāpiri, mā te whakamahi i ngā tuhipoka mara, ngā rātaka, me ngā rekoata oro-ataata ka āwhina i te tuhi i ngā tirohanga, ā, ka whakarei ake i te pono me te whai kiko o ngā raraunga.
Heoi anō, kāore te rangahau iwi e kore he wero. Me whakatere ngā kairangahau i ngā whakaaro matatika, me te whakarite kia kore tō rātou aroaro me ā rātou rangahau e kino ki te hapori. Ka ara ake anō hoki ngā take whakaaro pākiki me te whakaaro takitahi, nā te mea ka awehia ngā whakamārama a ngā kairangahau e ō rātou ake ahurea. Ko te whakaaroaro, arā, ko te mahi whakaaroaro ki te tūnga me te pānga o te tangata, ka noho hei mea nui ki te aro atu ki ēnei āwangawanga.
Te Iwi: Ngā Māramatanga Whakataurite
Ko te huarahi whakatairite o te mātauranga iwi e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te whakahiato i ngā raraunga mai i ngā puna mātauranga iwi maha. Mā tēnei ka taea te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga ōrite me ngā rerekētanga ahurea puta noa i ngā horopaki rerekē. Mā ngā whakatairite ahurea-maha ka kitea he māramatanga nui ki te āhua o te hanga a ngā āhuatanga taiao, hītori, me te pāpori i ngā whanonga tangata me ngā mahi ahurea.
Ko tētahi wāhanga nui o te rangahau ira tangata ko ngā rangahau whanaungatanga. Mā te whakataurite i ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga puta noa i ngā hapori kanorau, kua tautuhia e ngā tohunga ira tangata ngā momo whakahaere pāpori, pērā i te uri whānau me te uri tāne, te hononga maha-wahine me te kotahi-wahine, me ngā tūranga o ngā whānau whānui. E whakaatu ana ēnei whakataurite i te urutau me te rerekētanga o ngā hanganga whanaungatanga hei whakautu ki ngā āhuatanga taiao me te ōhanga.
Ko ngā mahi whakapono tētahi atu kaupapa matua mō te rangahau ā-iwi. Mā te tātari i ngā kawa, ngā pūnaha whakapono, me ngā ao whānui puta noa i ngā ahurea, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te hura i ngā kaupapa noa me ngā mahi rerekē. Ka taea e tēnei te arahi ki te whanaketanga o ngā ariā mō ngā mahi me ngā tikanga o te whakapono i roto i ngā hapori tangata.
Nga wero me nga whakahee
Ahakoa he nui ngā māramatanga whakatairite a te mātauranga iwi, kāore e kore he wero me ngā whakahē. Ko tētahi take nui ko te mōrearea o te whānui rawa. Mā te whakatau i runga i ngā tauira iti ka huna i te uaua me te kanorau i roto me puta noa i ngā ahurea. Hei tāpiri, ko te horopaki hītori o te rangahau mātauranga iwi, e ahu mai ana i ngā mahi koroni, kua ara ake ngā āwangawanga mō te whakaaturanga me te whakamaoritanga o ngā ahurea ehara i te Hauāuru.
Me whakatere e ngā tohunga iwi whānui ēnei wero mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pakari, te mōhio ki ngā herenga o ā rātou raraunga, me te whai wāhi tonu ki te kōrero ki ngā hapori e rangahauhia ana e rātou. Mā ngā huarahi mahi tahi e uru ana ngā tohunga o te rohe me ngā mema o te hapori ka taea te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te kōrero hē, ā, ka whakatairanga i ngā rangahau tika ake, whakaute ake hoki.
Ngā Auahatanga o Nāianei me ngā Aronga o te Ao
I roto i te mātauranga tangata o ēnei rā, kei te rere haere ngā rohe i waenga i te mātauranga iwi me te mātauranga iwi. Ko ngā whanaketanga hangarau, pērā i te mātauranga iwi matihiko me ngā tūāpapa ipurangi, kei te whakawhānui ake i te whānuitanga me te whānuitanga o te rangahau mātauranga iwi. Mā te mahi mara mariko ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whai wāhi atu ki ngā hapori puta noa i te ao, ka whānui ake ngā āheinga mō ngā whakataurite ahurea-maha.
Hei tāpiri, kei te whakarei ake ngā mahi tahi a ngā marautanga maha i ngā rangahau ā-iwi me ngā rangahau ā-iwi. Mā te whakaurunga o ngā māramatanga mai i ngā mara pēnei i te pāpori, te hinengaro, me ngā rangahau taiao ka whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā āhuatanga ahurea uaua. Ka whakatairangahia e tēnei huarahi ā-marautanga maha ngā tātaritanga whānui me te whānui, ka honoa te āputa i waenga i ngā tirohanga taumata-iti me ngā ariā taumata-nui.
Opaniraa
Ko te etnography me te ethnology tonu ngā pou matua o te rangahau anthropology, e whai wāhi ana ia tirohanga me ngā tikanga ahurei ki te ako i ngā ahurea tangata. Mā ngā tirohanga hohonu me te taipitopito a te etnography ka kitea ngā wheako ora o ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā hapori, ā, mā ngā tātaritanga whakatairite a te ethnology ka whakamārama i ngā tauira ahurea whānui me ngā anga ariā. Mā ēnei mahi tahi ka hanga tonu i tō tātou māramatanga ki te kanorau o te tangata, ka whakatairanga i te maioha hohonu ki te taonga me te uaua o ngā hapori tangata. I te whanaketanga o te anthropology hei whakautu ki ngā wero me ngā whai wāhitanga hou, ko te taunekeneke i waenga i te ethnography me te ethnology ka noho tonu hei pokapū mō te rapu tonu a te kaupapa ki te wetewete i ngā mea ngaro o te oranga tangata.
