Te Anthropology Ōhanga me ngā Pūnaha Whakawhitiwhiti
He mara whakawhitiwhiti mātauranga te mataotao ōhanga e ruku hohonu ana ki ngā huarahi e whakaputa ai, e tohatoha ai, e whakamahi ai hoki ngā tāngata i roto i ngā hapori rerekē i ngā rauemi. Ka whakakotahihia e tēnei mara ngā tikanga me ngā ariā mai i te mataotao me te ōhanga kia mārama ai ki ngā pūnaha ōhanga me ngā mahi rerekē puta noa i ngā ahurea. Ko te mea nui ki te mataotao ōhanga ko te ako i ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti, arā, ngā momo huarahi e hokohoko ai ngā taonga me ngā ratonga. Ka taea e ēnei pūnaha te ahu mai i ngā whakawhitiwhiti koha māmā ki ngā tauhokohoko mākete uaua, ā, ka taea e tōna hanganga me tana mahi te whakaata hohonu me te pā ki te oranga ahurea, pāpori, me te tōrangapū.
Te Mārama ki te Anthropology Ōhanga
I puta ake te mātauranga tangata ōhanga i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20 i te tīmatanga o ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ki te tuhi me te tātari i ngā mahi ōhanga i roto i ngā hapori ehara i te Hauāuru. He nui te takoha a ngā tino tangata pēnei i a Bronisław Malinowski rāua ko Marcel Mauss ki te mara. I whakaatuhia e te rangahau a Malinowski mō ngā tāngata o ngā Moutere o Trobriand ngā pūnaha uaua o te hokohoko me ngā whanaungatanga pāpori, i te mea ko te mahi whai mana a Mauss, "The Gift," i tūhura i ngā pānga pāpori o te hoatu koha me te tauutuutu.
E kī ana ngā tohunga tātai tangata ōhanga kāore e taea te tino mārama ki ngā whanonga ōhanga ina wehea mai i tōna horopaki ahurea. Kāore i rite ki te ōhanga neoclassical, e whakaaro ana ko te whakaaro nui me te whakanui hua he whanonga tangata whānui, e whakaae ana te tātai tangata ōhanga kei roto ngā mahi ōhanga i ngā hanganga pāpori, ā, e awehia ana e ngā uara ahurea. E whakaaro ana tēnei huarahi ehara i te mea ko te taonga rauemi anake engari me pēhea hoki te whatu o ngā whanaungatanga pāpori, ngā hihiri mana, me ngā tikanga tohu ki roto i ngā mahi ōhanga.
Ngā Momo Ōhanga i roto i ngā Akoranga Ā-tangata
E tautuhia ana e te mātauranga ōhanga matatika ētahi momo pūnaha ōhanga, tae atu ki te kimi kai/te hopu manu, te mahi ahuwhenua, te māra, te ahuwhenua, me ngā ōhanga ahumahi. Ko ia pūnaha he momo oranga e hanga ana i te whakaritenga pāpori, ngā wehenga mahi, me ngā mahi whakawhitiwhiti.
1. Te Kohi Kai/Te Whakangau-Kohikohi: Koinei te momo ōhanga tawhito rawa atu, e whakawhirinaki ana ngā rōpū iti ki ngā puna kai e wātea ana i te taiao. I te nuinga o te wā ka tohaina ngā taonga i roto i te hapori, ā, he ōrite te āhua o ngā hanganga pāpori.
2. Te mahi whāngai kararehe: Ko tēnei pūnaha e aro ana ki te whakawhanaunga kararehe. I roto i ngā hapori whāngai kararehe, ka inehia te taonga mā te rahi o te kahui kararehe. Ka mahi pea ēnei hapori i te whakawhiti tangata, arā, te neke haere me ā rātou kahui kararehe i ia wā ki te uru atu ki ngā whenua whāngai kararehe.
3. Te Ahuwhenua: Ka mahi ngā kaimahi aruwhenua i ngā mahi ahuwhenua iti mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu māmā. He maha ā rātou mahi ahuwhenua nekeneke, arā, te whakawātea i ngā wāhi ngahere hei whakatō, te whakamahi mō ētahi tau, kātahi ka neke ki ngā wāhi hou ina heke te momona o te oneone.
4. Ahuwhenua: Ka uru atu ngā hapori ahuwhenua ki te mahi ahuwhenua kaha, me ngā taputapu me ngā tikanga matatau. Ka tautokohia e tēnei momo ōhanga ngā taupori nui ake, ā, ka hua ake he nohoanga pumau. Ka taea te hokohoko i ngā hua tāpiri, ka hua ake he kaupapa pāpori uaua ake.
5. Ngā Ōhanga Ahumahi: Ko te āhua o ēnei ōhanga he whakaputanga mīhini me ngā mahi umanga nui. He maha ngā wā ka uru atu ki roto ngā whatunga hokohoko o te ao, ā, ka whakauruhia ngā pūnaha moni hei huarahi matua mō te whakawhitiwhiti moni.
Ngā Pūnaha Whakawhitiwhiti
E toru ngā momo o ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti moni: te tauutuutu, te tohatoha anō, me te whakawhitiwhiti mākete. Ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa ēnei pūnaha i te tohatoha o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga, engari ka whakapakari anō hoki i ngā hononga pāpori me ngā taumata whakarōpū.
1. Tauutuutu:
– Te Tauutuutu Whānui: Kei roto i tēnei ko te tuku taonga kore utu, kāore he whakahokinga wawe, he whakahokinga motuhake rānei. He mea noa tēnei i waenga i ngā hoa tata, ā, ka poipoi i ngā hononga pāpori mō te wā roa. Hei tauira, i waenga i te iwi !Kung o Kalahari, ko te tohatoha mīti mai i te hopu manu angitu te mea noa.
– Taurite Taurite: I konei, e tumanakohia ana he whakawhitiwhiti tika, ōrite. Ahakoa kāore pea e puta wawe mai te hokinga mai, e tumanakohia ana kia puta i roto i tētahi wā kua whakaritea. He maha ngā wā ka kitea tēnei momo i roto i ngā whakahoahoa, i ngā hononga rānei.
– Te Tauutuutu Kino: Kei roto i tēnei ko te ngana ki te whiwhi i tētahi mea mō te iti rawa e taea ana, mā te hokohoko, te hokohoko rānei me ngā tāngata tauhou.
2. Te Tohatoha Anō:
– Ko te tohatoha anō ko te kohikohinga o ngā taonga, o te taonga rānei e tētahi mana whakahaere matua, ā, māna ēnei rauemi e tohatoha anō. He āhuatanga tēnei mō ngā rangatiratanga me ngā rōpū kāwanatanga. Ko ngā kawa Potlatch a ngā iwi taketake o te takutai moana o te Tai Hauāuru o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, arā, ko te tohatoha a ngā rangatira i ngā koha ki ngā manuhiri, he tauira rongonui. Ehara i te mea ko ēnei kawa anake e tohatoha anō i te taonga engari e whakaū anō ana i te mana pāpori me te kotahitanga rōpū.
3. Whakawhitiwhitinga Mākete:
– Ko ngā ture o te tuku me te tono te mea e ārahihia ana te whakawhitiwhitinga mākete, ā, ko te moni te tikanga. Ka whakatauhia ngā utu mā te whakataetae, ā, he maha ngā wā kāore he whanaungatanga o ngā whakawhitiwhitinga. Ko tēnei pūnaha te tohu o ngā ōhanga pūtea, ka taea e ngā mākete te horapa mai i ngā mākete a ngā kaimahi pāmu ā-rohe ki ngā whakawhitinga hea o te ao.
Te Ao Whānui me te Anthropology Ōhanga
I tēnei ao honohono o ēnei rā, kei te kaha haere te tirotiro a ngā tohunga tātai tangata ōhanga i ngā pānga o te ao whānui. Ka awe ngā whatunga hokohoko o te ao, ngā kamupene o te ao whānui, me ngā umanga pūtea o te ao, tae atu ki ngā hapori tino tawhiti. Ka rangahau ngā tohunga tātai tangata i te pānga o ngā huringa ōhanga o te ao ki ngā oranga o te rohe, ngā hanganga pāpori, me ngā mahi ahurea. Hei tauira, ko te whakaurunga mai o ngā hua moni ki ngā kāinga taiwhenua ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā tauira oranga tuku iho me ngā whanaungatanga pāpori.
Heoi anō, e aro nui ana ngā tohunga tātai tangata ōhanga ki ngā take o te kore taurite me te mana. Ka taea e te ao whānui te whakanui ake i ngā rerekētanga ōhanga i roto i ngā iwi me waenga i a rātou anō. Ka whakamāramahia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata ngā reo me ngā wheako o ngā rōpū e noho tahaetia ana, me te whakamārama i te āhua o te pupuri a ngā tukanga ōhanga o te ao i ngā taonga tuku iho koroni me te mahi kino ōhanga.
Opaniraa
Mā te mātauranga tangata ōhanga me te ako i ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti ka kitea he māramatanga hohonu ki ngā huarahi kanorau e whakarite ai te tangata i ō rātou oranga rauemi me ō rātou oranga pāpori. Mā te tirotiro i te hononga i waenga i ngā mahi ōhanga me ngā horopaki ahurea, ka whakakitea e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ngā uauatanga o ngā hapori tangata. He mea nui te mārama ki ēnei whanaketanga, inā koa i roto i te ao whānui e hono haere ana ngā ōhanga ā-rohe me te ao whānui. Ahakoa mā roto i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga tauutuutu i roto i ngā hapori iti, i ngā tauhokohoko mākete rānei i roto i ngā tāone whānui, ka whakamahara mai te ako i te mātauranga tangata ōhanga kua tino piri ngā whanonga ōhanga ki roto i te ahurea tangata.
