Ngā Takoha a ngā Wahine i te Ao o te Mātauranga Tangata
Ko te mātauranga tangata, te ako i ngā hapori tangata, ngā ahurea, me ō rātou whanaketanga, kua roa nei e noho ana hei mara e whakahaerehia ana e ngā tohunga tāne. Heoi, i roto i tōna hītori, he maha ngā wāhine kua whai wāhi pai ki te hanga me te whakawhānui i tō tātou māramatanga ki te tangata. Mai i te whakatakoto i ngā ariā taketake ki te whakahaere i ngā mahi mara hou, kua pana tonu ngā wāhine tohunga mātauranga tangata ki ngā rohe o te kaupapa. E whakanui ana tēnei tuhinga i ngā takoha whakamiharo a ngā wāhine ki te mātauranga tangata, me te whakamihi i ā rātou mahi ārahi me te awe pumau.
Margaret Mead: Te Pūtaiao Ahurea Pai rawa atu
Ina kōrerohia ngā wāhine whai mana i roto i te mātauranga tangata, ka kitea nuitia te ingoa o Margaret Mead. I whānau mai ia i te tau 1901, ā, i werohia e ngā mahi auaha a Mead i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20 ngā ariā whānui mō te ahurea me te hapori. Nā āna mahi mara i Hāmoa, i whakamāramahia i roto i te pukapuka nui "Coming of Age in Samoa" (1928), i whakaatu kāore te taiohitanga i te wā pōrearea, he mea whakahē i te tirohanga a te Hauāuru i taua wā.
I horapa atu ngā mahi a Mead ki tua atu i Hāmoa, tae atu ki ngā rangahau i Niu Kini, i Bali, me ētahi atu wāhi o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Nā āna rangahau whakatairite i ngā hapori rerekē i homai he tirohanga nui ki te āhua o te ahurea e hanga ana i ngā whanonga tangata me ngā hanganga pāpori. He kaingākau hoki a Mead ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, i kawe mai i ngā tirohanga ā-iwi ki te marea whānui mā roto i āna pukapuka, āna kauwhau, me āna whakaaturanga ki ngā pāpāho, ā, nā reira i rongonui ai te mara, i ngāwari ake ai te uru atu.
Ruth Benedict: Te Whakaahua i te Ahurea me te Tuakiri
He hoa mahi tata a Ruth Benedict (1887-1948) nō Margaret Mead i taua wā, ā, he nui ngā takoha a ia ki te māramatanga ki te ahurea me te tuakiri. I roto i tana mahi nui, "Patterns of Culture" (1934), i tūhuratia e Benedict te āhua o te whakatipu a ngā hapori rerekē i ngā tauira motuhake o te tuakiri me te whanonga. I kī tana huarahi whānui ko te ahurea he whakaaturanga ā-rōpū o ngā whanonga takitahi, e wero ana i te whakatau koiora.
Ko te ariā a Benedict mō te "whiringa ahurea" e whakanui ana i te whakaurunga me te hononga o ngā āhuatanga ahurea i roto i te hapori, e whai pānga ana ki ngā rangahau i muri mai mō te whanaungatanga ahurea me te hiranga o te mārama ki ngā hapori i runga i ā rātou ake tikanga. Nāna anō i roto i te rotarota me te ataahua i whakarei ake i tana tukanga anthropological, ā, i nui ake ai te aroha me te whakahihiri o tana mahi.
Zora Neale Hurston: Te Hononga i te Anthropology me te Tuhinga
He kaituhi pakiwaitara, he kaituhi kōrero tuku iho, he tohunga tātai tangata hoki a Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960), ā, he mahi nui tāna ki te tuhi i te ahurea o Awherika-Amerika me ngā mahi voodoo i te Tonga o Amerika me te Karipiana. Nā te tohunga tātai tangata paionia a Franz Boas i whakangungu, he maha ngā wā i whatu tahi ai ngā tuhinga a Hurston i te tātari tātai tangata me te kōrero auaha.
I roto i ngā mahi pērā i te "Mules and Men" (1935), i whakakotahi a Hurston i te mātauranga iwi me te kōrero tuku iho, hei hopu i te taonga me te kanorau o ngā kōrero tuku iho a ngā Āhurika-Amerika. Nā tana huarahi tuhituhi i whakarato he tirohanga hohonu, ā-roto e whakaatu ana i te oraora o te ahurea Pango. Ko ngā taonga tuku iho takirua a Hurston i roto i te mātauranga iwi me te tuhituhi kei te whakaaweawe tonu i ngā tohunga me ngā kaituhi i ēnei rā.
Mary Leakey: Te Kete i ngā Taketake o te Tangata
He nui ngā takoha a Mary Leakey (1913-1996), he tohunga pūtaiao tangata rongonui, ki tō tātou māramatanga ki te whanaketanga o te tangata. Nā te mahi tirotiro a Leakey i Āwherika ki te Rāwhiti, inā koa i te awaawa o Olduvai, i kitea ai ngā kōiwi tawhito o te hominid pērā i a Australopithecus boisei me Homo habilis. Nā ēnei kitenga i whakarato he taunakitanga nui mō te hononga i waenga i te tangata o ēnei rā me ō rātou tūpuna o mua.
Ko te mahi a Leakey i kitea i roto i tana whakapau kaha ki ngā taipitopito me te māramatanga hohonu ki ngā paparanga whenua, ā, i āwhina i te whakatau tika i te rā o ana kitenga. I tua atu i ngā kitenga tawhito, i whakawhanakehia e ia ngā tikanga auaha mō te tuhi me te tātari i ngā wāhi keri whenua. Ehara i te mea ko ana kitenga whakamiharo anake te taonga tuku iho a Leakey, engari ko ana tikanga anō hoki, e whakatakoto ana i ngā paerewa hou i roto i te paleoanthropology.
Eleanor Leacock: Te Anthropology Marxist me ngā Akoranga Ira Tangata
He tohunga tātai tangata a Eleanor Leacock (1922-1987) ā, i honoa e āna mahi te ariā Marxist me te tātai tangata wahine. E arotahi ana āna rangahau ki te whakaritenga pāpori me ngā whanaungatanga ira tangata o ngā hapori taketake, e wero ana i te whakaaro he mea ā-ao, he mea ā-taiao hoki ngā kore taurite o te ira tangata. I whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau a Leacock he maha ngā hapori he hanganga ōrite, he rerekē ki ngā whakaaro o te Hauāuru.
I roto i tana pukapuka whai mana "Myths of Male Dominance" (1981), i tautohe a Leacock nā te koroni me te pūnaha pūtea i tino whakararuraru te ōritetanga o te ira tangata i roto i ngā hapori taketake. Nāna i whakatakoto te turanga mō te mātauranga tangata wahine, ā, i akiaki i ngā tohunga ki te arotake anō i te tūranga o te ira tangata i roto i ngā ahurea me ngā horopaki hītori rerekē.
Annette Weiner: Te Arotake Anō i ngā Iwi Taketake o te Ao
E mōhiotia whānuitia ana a Annette Weiner (1933-1997) mō āna mahi ki te arotake anō me te wero i ngā rangahau ahurea o mua, inā koa ko ngā rangahau a Bronisław Malinowski i ngā Moutere o Trobriand. I roto i tana pukapuka "Women of Value, Men of Renown" (1976), i whakanuia e Weiner ngā tūranga ōhanga me te pāpori nui o ngā wāhine o Trobriand, arā, ngā tūranga i warewarehia e Malinowski.
I whakanuia e ngā mahi a Weiner te hiranga o ngā wāhine i roto i ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te hanganga pāpori o ngā Moutere o Trobriand, e whakaatu ana ko ngā tirohanga o mua e aro ana ki ngā tāne kua arahi ki te kore māramatanga o ēnei hapori. He mea nui āna takoha ki te whakatairanga i tētahi huarahi taurite me te whānui ake ki te rangahau ahurea.
Lila Abu-Lughod: Te Whakawhanaungatanga Ahurea me te Whakamātautau Iwi Wahine
He tohunga tātai tangata nō Ihipa-Amerika a Lila Abu-Lughod, ā, kua nui ngā takoha ki te whanaungatanga ahurea me te mātauranga tātai wahine. E whakanui ana tana mahi i te hiranga o te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga uaua me ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te oranga o ngā wāhine i roto i ngā horopaki ahurea rerekē. I roto i te "Veiled Sentiments" (1986), i rangahau a Abu-Lughod i ngā wāhine Bedouin i Ihipa, e whakaatu ana i ngā huarahi uaua e whakatere ana, e whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ana hoki rātou i roto i tō rātou ao pāpori mā roto i ngā rotarota me ngā taunekeneke o ia rā.
He mea nui te rangahau a Abu-Lughod ki te wero i ngā whakaahuatanga kotahi o ngā wāhine Muhirama, me te tautoko i tētahi māramatanga whānui ake, motuhake hoki ki te horopaki o ō rātou oranga me ngā wheako. Nā āna mahi i hono ngā rangahau mātauranga tangata me ngā rangahau ahurea, me te whakaatu i te hononga o ngā whanaketanga ā-ao me ā-rohe.
Opaniraa
Kua tino whakarei ake te mara o te mātauranga tangata i ngā takoha a ngā wāhine. Mai i ngā māramatanga ahurea i homai e Margaret Mead rāua ko Ruth Benedict ki ngā kitenga hou a Mary Leakey me ngā tirohanga wahine a Eleanor Leacock, kua tino whakarei ake ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata wāhine i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā hapori me ngā ahurea tangata. Kei te whakahihiko tonu ā rātou mahi paionia, ā, kei te wero tonu i ngā tohunga o nāianei, me te whakanui i te hiahia o ngā tirohanga kanorau i roto i te ako i te tangata. I a tātou e titiro ana ki te heke mai, ko ngā takoha a ngā wāhine i roto i te mātauranga tangata he tohu i te hiranga o te whakaurunga me te rapu tonu ki te mārama ki te uauatanga katoa o te oranga tangata.
