Ihe atụ nke Ajụjụ Mkparịta ụka gbasara Moto Eletriki
Moto eletriki bụ igwe nke na-agbanwe ike eletriki ka ọ bụrụ ike igwe. Ọ bụ ihe dị oke mkpa n'ọtụtụ ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, azụmahịa, na ezinụlọ. Ịghọta ụkpụrụ na ọrụ nke moto eletriki dị oke mkpa, ọkachasị maka ụmụ akwụkwọ injinia na ndị ọkachamara n'ọhịa eletriki. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-atụle ọtụtụ ihe atụ nsogbu na mkparịta ụka metụtara moto eletriki iji nyere aka mee ka nghọta anyị sikwuo ike.
Ụkpụrụ Ndị Dị Mkpa nke Moto Eletriki
Tupu anyị eleba anya n'ajụjụ ndị a, ọ bara uru ịtụleghachi ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke moto eletriki. Moto eletriki na-arụ ọrụ na ụkpụrụ nke electromagnetism, ebe ọkụ eletrik na-agafe na coil na-emepụta ubi magnet nke na-emekọrịta ihe na ubi magnet nke isi iyi mpụga iji mepụta mmegharị. N'ozuzu, a na-ekewa moto eletriki n'ụdị isi abụọ: moto direct current (DC) na moto alternating current (AC).
Isi ihe dị na moto eletriki
1. Stator: Akụkụ kwụ ọtọ nke moto ahụ nke na-abụkarị eriri waya ma ọ bụ magnet na-adịgide adịgide.
2. Rotor: Akụkụ na-agbagharị agbagharị nke moto ahụ nke na-abụkarị eriri waya ma ọ bụ magnet.
3. Kọlụm: Waya e ji agba gburugburu rotor ma ọ bụ stator iji mepụta ebe ndọta.
4. Isi Iyi Ike: Na-enye ọkụ eletrik dị mkpa iji kwọọ moto ahụ.
Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka Ihe Nlereanya
Ajụjụ nke 1: Ịgbakọ Ọsọ Moto DC
Ajụjụ: Moto DC nke nwere ntụgharị 500 kwa eriri na-arụ ọrụ na 24V na 5A. Ọ bụrụ na mgbanwe moto ahụ bụ 0.02 Nm/A, gbakọọ ọsọ ntụgharị rotor ma ọ bụrụ na ike si na ya pụta bụ 1 Nm.
Azịza:
A maara:
– Ọnụọgụ nke ntụgharị (N) = 500
– Voltaji (V) = 24V
– Ugbu a (I) = 5A
– Mgbanwe moto \( K_m \) = 0.02 Nm/A
– Torque (T) = 1 Nm
Site na nha anya bụ isi nke moto DC, anyị maara:
\[ T = K_m \cdot I \]
\[ 1 Nm = 0.02 Nm/A \cdot 5 A \]
\[ 1 Nm = 0.1 Nm \]
Nke a pụtara na ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe nke torque achọrọ iji mepụta 1 Nm na oge ọkụ nke 5 A ziri ezi.
Na-esote, iji gbakọọ ọsọ ntụgharị (\( \omega \)):
\[ E = K_m \cdot \omega \]
\[ V = E \]
\[ 24V = 0.02 Nm/A \cdot \omega \]
Site ebe a, anyị nwere ike ịgbakọ ọsọ (\( \omega \)):
\[ \omega = \frac{V}{K_m} \]
\[ \omega = \frac{24V}{0.02 Nm/A} \]
\[ \omega = 1200 rad/s \]
Ajụjụ nke 2: Ịrụ ọrụ nke moto AC Induction
Ajụjụ: Moto induction nke nwere usoro atọ nwere ike ntinye nke 30 kW na ike mmepụta nke 27 kW. Gbakọọ arụmọrụ nke moto ahụ.
Azịza:
A maara:
– Ike ntinye (P_in) = 30 kW
– Ike mmepụta (P_out) = 27 kW
Enwere ike ịgbakọ arụmọrụ (\( \eta \)) nke moto site na iji usoro a:
\[ \eta = \left( \frac{P_{out}}{P_{in}} \right) \ugboro 100\% \]
\[ \eta = \left( \frac{27 kW}{30 kW} \nri) \ugboro 100% \]
\[ \eta = 0.9 \ugboro 100\% \]
\[ \eta = 90% \]
Ya mere, arụmọrụ nke moto induction bụ 90%.
Ajụjụ nke 3: Moto Njikọta
Ajụjụ: Moto synchronous nwere ogidi anọ ma a na-enye ya ugboro 60 Hz. Gbakọọ ọsọ synchronous nke moto ahụ.
Azịza:
A maara:
– Ọnụọgụ nke ogidi (P) = 4
– Ugboro ugboro (f) = 60 Hz
Enwere ike ịgbakọ ọsọ nhazi (n_s) nke moto synchronous site na iji usoro a:
\[ n_s = \frac{120 \cdot f}{P} \]
\[ n_s = \frac{120 \cdot 60}{4} \]
\[ n_s = \frac{7200}{4} \]
\[n_s = 1800 \, RPM \]
Ya mere, ọsọ synchronous nke synchronous moto bụ 1800 RPM.
Ajụjụ nke 4: Usoro DC Motor Torque
Ajụjụ: Moto usoro DC nwere ike iguzogide eriri nke 0.5 ohms ma a na-enye ya voltaji nke 120V. Ọ bụrụ na ọkụ eletrik na-agba bụ 10A, gbakọọ ike ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ike nrụgide ahụ bụ 0.1 Nm/A².
Azịza:
A maara:
– Nguzogide eriri (R) = 0.5 ohm
– Voltaji ọkọnọ (V) = 120V
– Ugbu a (I) = 10A
– Mgbanwe Torque \( K_t \) = 0.1 Nm/A²
Nke mbụ, gbakọọ mbelata voltaji n'ofe eriri ahụ:
\[V_R = I \cdot R \]
\[ V_R = 10A \cdot 0.5 \Omega \]
\[ V_R = 5V \]
Voltaji dị irè (V_eff) na-arụ ọrụ na moto ahụ:
\[ V_eff = V – V_R \]
\[ V_eff = 120V – 5V \]
\[ V_eff = 115V \]
Enwere ike ịgbakọ Torque (T) site na iji usoro a:
\[ T = K_t \cdot I^2 \]
\[ T = 0.1 Nm/A² \cdot (10A)^2 \]
\[ T = 0.1 Nm/A² \cdot 100 A² \]
\[ T = 10 Nm \]
Ya mere, ike nke usoro moto DC mepụtara bụ 10 Nm.
Ajụjụ nke 5: Mmalite Moto Induction
Ajụjụ: Onye ọrụ teknụzụ na-etinye ihe mmalite kpakpando-delta na moto induction 50 kW. Gbakọọ ọkụ mmalite mbụ ma ọ bụrụ na voltaji ọrụ bụ 400 V na moto ahụ nwere arụmọrụ nke 92%.
Azịza:
A maara:
– Ike moto (P) = 50 kW
– Voltaji (V) = 400V
– Arụmọrụ (\( \eta \)) = 92%
Nke mbụ, anyị na-agbakọ ike ntinye (P_in):
\[P_{in} = \frac{P}{\eta} \]
\[ P_{in} = \frac{50 kW}{0.92} \]
\[ P_{in} = 54.35 kW \]
Ebe ọ bụ na moto ahụ na-eji sistemụ kpakpando-delta, ọkụ eletrik na-amalite na kpakpando ga-adị ala karịa ọkụ eletrik n'oge ọrụ delta. Agbanyeghị, iji gbakọọ ọkụ eletrik aha, anyị nwere ike iji P_in na V:
\[ I_{nom} = \frac{P_{in}}{\sqrt{3} \cdot V} \]
\[ I_{nom} = \frac{54.35 kW}{\sqrt{3} \cdot 400V} \]
\[ I_{nom} = \frac{54350}{692.82} \]
\[ I_{nom} \ihe dịka 78.44 A \]
Maka mmalite ọkụ eletrik mgbe ị na-eji sekit kpakpando:
\[ I_{mmalite\_kpakpando} = \frac{I_{nom}}{\sqrt{3}} \]
\[ I_{start\_star} \approx \frac{78.44A}{\sqrt{3}} \]
\[ I_{start\_star} \ihe dịka 45.28 A \]
Ya mere, ọkụ mmalite mbụ na sekit kpakpando bụ ihe dịka 45.28 A.
Mmechi
Ịghọta ngụkọ bụ isi nke ụdị moto eletriki dị iche iche dị mkpa maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ na injinia eletriki na igwe. Nsogbu ihe atụ ndị dị n'elu na-egosi otu paramita dị iche iche dịka voltaji, ugbu a, ike, na arụmọrụ si arụ ọrụ n'ịchọpụta arụmọrụ moto eletriki. Site na omume na-aga n'ihu, ikike idozi nsogbu ndị dị ka ndị a ga-aba uru na ngwa bara uru na ọrụ.
