Ihe atụ nke Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka gbasara Macromolecules Organic
Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa organic bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa buru ibu ma dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa organic kachasị ama ama gụnyere carbohydrates, lipids, protein, na nucleic acid. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-atụle ọtụtụ nsogbu atụ na mkparịta ụka ha gbasara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa organic.
1. Kabọhaịdret
Ajụjụ nke Atọ
A na-esi na glucose monosaccharides abụọ emepụta molekul disaccharide. Gịnị bụ ibu molekul (Maazị) nke disaccharide a ma ọ bụrụ na ibu molekul nke glucose dị 180?
Mkparịta ụka nke 1
A na-emepụta disaccharides site na mmeghachi omume condensation nke na-emepụta njikọ glycosidic na molekul mmiri. Ibu molekul nke otu molekul glucose bụ 180. Ya mere, molekul glucose abụọ ga-enwe ibu molekul nke:
\( 180 \, \ederede{u} + 180 \, \ederede{u} = 360 \, \ederede{u} \)
Agbanyeghị, n'usoro nhazi disaccharide, a ga-ewepụta otu molekul mmiri (H₂O). Ibu molekul mmiri bụ 18 u.
Ya mere, oke molekul dị n'ime disaccharide (Mr) bụ:
\( 360 \, \ederede{u} – 18 \, \ederede{u} = 342 \, \ederede{u} \)
Nke a pụtara na oke molekul (Mr) nke disaccharide bụ 342.
2. Lipids
Ajụjụ nke Atọ
Lipids nwere ọrụ n'ahụ dịka isi iyi ike. Ọ bụrụ na otu molekul triglyceride na-emepụta kalori 9 nke ike kwa gram, kedu ike gram 5 nke triglyceride na-emepụta?
Mkparịta ụka nke 2
Ike nke otu gram nke triglycerides na-emepụta bụ kalori 9. Ya mere, enwere ike ịgbakọ ike nke gram 5 nke triglycerides na-emepụta site n'ịba ụba ọnụọgụ nke triglycerides na gram site na ike kwa gram:
\[ \text{Energy} = 5 \, \text{gram} \times 9 \, \text{calories/gram} \]
\[ \text{Energy} = 45 \, \text{calories} \]
Ya mere, gram 5 nke triglycerides na-enye kalori 45 nke ike.
3. protein
Ajụjụ nke Atọ
Kpọọ aha ma kọwaa ọkwa atọ nke nhazi protein dị adị tupu e ruo nhazi nke atọ.
Mkparịta ụka nke 3
Protein nwere usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke enwere ike ịkọwa n'ọtụtụ ọkwa, ya bụ:
1. Nhazi Isi
– Nhazi mbụ bụ usoro ahịrị nke amino asịd dị n'ime polypeptide. Usoro a na-ekpebi kpọmkwem ihe onwunwe na ọrụ nke protein na-esi na ya apụta.
– Ihe atụ: usoro amino acid methionine-serine-valine-alanine.
2. Nhazi nke abụọ
– Nhazi nke abụọ bụ usoro kwụsiri ike ma na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ịkpụkọta ma ọ bụ mpịachi nke yinye polypeptide. Usoro ndị a gụnyere nhazi dịka alpha helices (α-helices) na beta-fold sheets (β-sheets).
– Njikọ hydrogen dị n'etiti atọm dị na azụ polysaccharide na-eme ka nhazi a sie ike.
3. Ụlọ Elu nke Sekọndrị
– Nhazi nke atọ bụ njikọta na mpịachi nke yinye polypeptide nke na-emepụta usoro tridimensional dị mgbagwoju anya.
– Ụdị mmekọrịta dị iche iche na-eme ka usoro nke atọ kwụsie ike, gụnyere njikọ hydrogen, mmekọrịta hydrophobic, àkwà mmiri disulfide, na mmekọrịta ionic n'etiti agbụ amino acid.
Ozugbo e guzobere usoro tertiary, ụfọdụ protein nwekwara ike ịmepụta usoro quaternary ebe ọtụtụ agbụ polypeptide na-ejikọta ọnụ iji mepụta otu usoro ọrụ.
4. Asịd Nuklia
Ajụjụ nke Atọ
Kedu otu DNA ga-esi rụzie mmebi nke ìhè UV kpatara, kedukwa ọrụ nke enzymes na usoro a?
Mkparịta ụka nke 4
Mmebi DNA nke ìhè UV na-akpata na-emekarị ka e nwee thymine dimers, nke bụ njikọ na-adịghị mma n'etiti ntọala thymine abụọ dị n'akụkụ na eriri DNA. Usoro ndozi mmebi a na-abụkarị site na usoro ndozi nkuliọkiọdị (NER).
Usoro ndozi DNA n'ihi mmebi UV bụ:
1. Nchọpụta Mmebi
- Enzymes nchọpụta pụrụ iche na-amata mgbanwe dị na nhazi DNA nke thymine dimers kpatara.
2. Mwepụ mmebi
– Endonucleases na-ebipụ akụkụ DNA gburugburu ebe mebiri emebi, na-ewepụ akụkụ ndị nwere thymine dimers.
3. Mmegharị DNA
– DNA polymerase na-ejupụta oghere e guzobere site na iji eriri mgbakwunye dị ka ihe nlereanya iji mepụta akụkụ DNA ọhụrụ.
4. Njikọ
– DNA ligase na-ejikọta iberibe DNA ọhụrụ e mepụtara na DNA dị adị, na-eweghachi iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke nhazi DNA ahụ.
Usoro a na-eme ka ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dịgide ma nwee ike ibufe ya nke ọma n'oge mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.
5. Nyocha nke Macromolecules Organic
Ajụjụ nke Atọ
Nnwale ụlọ nyocha na-eji ngwọta Benedict iji nwalee ma carbohydrate dị kpọmkwem dị. Kedu ka mmeghachi omume a si arụ ọrụ, oleekwa ihe a ga-ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na carbohydrate dị?
Mkparịta ụka nke 5
A na-eji ngwọta Benedict anwale ma ọ bụrụ na shuga dị n'ọbara na-ebelata, dịka glucose na fructose. Mbelata shuga nwere otu aldehyde ma ọ bụ ketone nke nwere ike ibelata ion copper (II) na ngwọta Benedict na copper (I). Mmeghachi omume a na-emepụta mgbanwe agba nke enwere ike ịhụ anya.
Usoro na nsonaazụ ndị a pụrụ ịhụ na ule Benedict bụ:
1. Ịgbakwunye Ngwọta Benedict
– A na-etinye mmiri Benedict na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na mmiri carbohydrate ma kpoo ngwakọta ahụ ọkụ.
2. Mgbanwe Agba
– Ọ bụrụ na e nwere mbelata shuga, ihe ngwọta ahụ ga-agbanwe agba site na acha anụnụ anụnụ gaa na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, odo odo, oroma, ma ọ bụ ọbara ọbara brik, dabere na mkpokọta nke mbelata shuga.
– Agba akwụkwọ ndụ na-egosi obere mkpokọta nke ibelata shuga.
– Agba ọbara ọbara brik na-egosi oke mkpokọta nke ibelata shuga.
Mmeghachi omume a na-enye ohere ịchọpụta mbelata shuga dị mfe na kpọmkwem na ihe nlele bayọlọji.
Mmechi
Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa organic dịka carbohydrates, lipids, protein, na nucleic acid na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na sistemụ ndụ. Ịghọta nhazi ha, ọrụ ha, na otu esi enyocha ma dozie ha dị oke mkpa n'ọtụtụ ngalaba sayensị, ọkachasị bayoloji na biochemistry. A na-atụ anya na ihe atụ na mkparịta ụka ndị dị n'elu ga-enye nghọta miri emi nke macromolecules organic na ojiji ha na ndụ kwa ụbọchị.
