ARM Chip Fabrication Technology rau Smartphones
Kev tsim cov xov tooj ntse niaj hnub no feem ntau yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev nce qib ntawm cov processors (SoCs / System-on-Chips), uas yog "lub hlwb" ntawm lub cuab yeej. Ntau lub SoCs nrov - xws li Snapdragon, Dimensity, Exynos, thiab txawm tias Apple Silicon - siv ARM architecture ua lub hauv paus rau lawv cov lus qhia CPU thiab tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo tsis yog txiav txim siab los ntawm architecture tab sis kuj los ntawm kev tsim khoom siv: cov txheej txheem tsim khoom semiconductor uas hloov cov qauv tsim hluav taws xob mus rau hauv cov chips lub cev ntawm silicon wafers. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog yuav ua li cas ARM-raws li chip fabrication technology rau cov xov tooj ntse tau hloov zuj zus, cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm li cas, thiab vim li cas cov nodes xws li 7nm, 5nm, 4nm, thiab 3nm tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb heev.
1. ARM: Kev Tsim Kho Vaj Tse vs "ARM Chip"
Ua ntej, cia peb piav qhia meej: ARM tsis yog lub tuam txhab tsim cov chips. ARM (Arm Ltd.) feem ntau tsim cov qauv qhia teeb tsa (ISAs) thiab IP cores xws li Cortex-A (application CPUs), Cortex-X (high-performance), Cortex-R (real-time), thiab Mali GPUs (hauv qee SoCs). Cov tuam txhab xws li Qualcomm, MediaTek, Samsung, thiab Apple ces:
- kev tso cai ARM architecture,
- muab nws ua ke nrog lwm cov khoom (GPU, ISP, NPU, modem, cache, interconnection),
- thiab tsim nws los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom xws li TSMC lossis Samsung Foundry.
Yog li thaum tib neeg hais tias "ARM chip," lawv feem ntau txhais tau tias yog lub xov tooj ntse SoC uas siv ARM ISA, thaum cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yog ua los ntawm lub chaw tsim khoom semiconductor.
2. Vim li cas thev naus laus zis tsim khoom thiaj tseem ceeb?
Kev siv tshuab ua khoom siv, feem ntau hu ua process node (piv txwv li 7 nm, 5 nm, 3 nm), cuam tshuam rau peb yam tseem ceeb:
1. Kev Ua Tau Zoo: cov transistors me me feem ntau tuaj yeem hloov pauv sai dua.
2. Kev siv hluav taws xob zoo: qhov xau thiab qhov hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau txo kom tsawg, txawm hais tias tsis yog txhua zaus linearly.
3. Qhov Ceev: ntau transistors ib cheeb tsam; ua kom muaj cov caches loj dua, cov CPUs nyuaj dua, GPUs dav dua, thiab cov AI accelerators muaj zog dua.
Txawm li cas los xij, tus lej "nm" tsis sawv cev rau ib qho loj ntawm lub cev transistor zoo li nws tau ua yav dhau los. Nws yog ib qho kev xaiv ntawm lub node uas cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem lithography, cov cai tsim qauv, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov ceev / kev ua haujlwm zoo.
3. Cov Theem Tseem Ceeb ntawm Kev Tsim Khoom Siv Smartphone SoC
Feem ntau, txoj kev taug kev los ntawm kev tsim cov chip mus rau cov khoom siv smartphone mus dhau ntau theem:
a) Tsim Qauv & Kev Txheeb Xyuas
Cov neeg muag khoom SoC tsim cov IP blocks (CPU, GPU, NPU), tom qab ntawd ua qhov kev simulation, kev txheeb xyuas kev ua haujlwm, kev txheeb xyuas lub sijhawm (STA), thiab kev kos npe tawm lub cev (DRC / LVS). Tus qauv tsim yuav tsum sib xws nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm lub node cov txheej txheem tsim khoom siv (PDK).
b) Daim kab xev tawm
Kev muab daim kab xev nplaum tawm yog qhov chaw uas tus qauv kawg raug xa mus rau lub chaw tsim khoom kom ua rau hauv cov ntaub npog ntsej muag (photomask). Qhov no yog theem kim thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo: kev hloov kho tus qauv tom qab muab daim kab xev nplaum tawm tuaj yeem txhais tau tias muaj nqi ntau thiab ncua sijhawm.
c) Kev Tsim Khoom Wafer: Pem Hauv Ntej-Kab-Ntawv (FEOL)
FEOL yog kev tsim cov transistors ntawm lub wafer—los ntawm doping, channel tsim, gate tsim, isolation, thiab lwm yam. Hauv lub caij niaj hnub no, cov qauv transistor tau hloov zuj zus los ntawm planar mus rau FinFET (fin) thiab tab tom txav mus rau GAAFET (gate-all-around).
d) Kev Sib Txuas: Tom Qab-Kawg-ntawm-Kab (BEOL)
Thaum cov transistors tau sib sau ua ke, cov txheej hlau sib dhos (tooj liab / low-k dielectric) raug ntxiv los txuas cov transistors rau hauv ib lub voj voog. Hauv SoCs niaj hnub no, tus lej ntawm cov txheej hlau tuaj yeem loj heev kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev xa cov ntaub ntawv tuab.
e) Kev txiav ua tej daim me me, kev ntim khoom, thiab kev sim
Cov wafers raug txiav ua tej daim me me thiab tom qab ntawd ntim. Rau cov xov tooj ntse, cov ntim khoom yuav tsum txhawb nqa:
- me me,
- cua sov tawm,
- kev ncaj ncees ntawm lub teeb liab siab,
- kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg.
Cov txheej txheem xws li flip-chip, wafer-level packaging, thiab PoP (Package-on-Package) kev koom ua ke feem ntau siv.
4. Lithography: Tus yuam sij rau kev ua kom cov Transistors me me
Lithography yog txheej txheem ntawm "luam tawm" cov qauv circuit rau ntawm lub wafer siv lub teeb thiab photoresist. Cov yam ntxwv me me uas yuav tsum luam tawm, cov txheej txheem nyuaj dua.
DUV vs EUV
- DUV (Deep Ultraviolet) siv qhov ntev ntawm 193 nm. Rau cov nodes me me, DUV xav tau cov txheej txheem ntau yam nyuaj thiab kim heev (ob npaug, peb npaug, plaub npaug).
– EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) siv qhov ntev ntawm 13,5 nm. EUV ua kom yooj yim rau kev luam ntawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv me me, txo cov kauj ruam ntawm ntau yam qauv, ua kom raug dua, thiab muaj peev xwm txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig - txawm hais tias cov nqi khoom siv siab heev.
Cov 7nm nodes thaum ntxov tau vam khom rau DUV multipatterning, thaum 5nm thiab 3nm vam khom EUV ntau dua hauv cov txheej tseem ceeb dua.
5. Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Cov Qauv Transistor: Planar → FinFET → GAAFET
Planar
Cov transistors planar tau tswj hwm txog li 28 nm–20 nm. Thaum cov transistors me dua, kev tswj hwm lub rooj vag ntawm cov channel tsis muaj zog thiab qhov xau nce ntxiv.
FinFET
FinFETs qhia txog "fins" yog li lub rooj vag tswj cov channel los ntawm ntau sab. Qhov no txhim kho kev tswj hwm electrostatic thiab tiv thaiv kev xau. Ntau lub xov tooj ntse SoCs nrov hauv 16/14 nm txog 4 nm tseem yog raws li FinFETs.
GAAFET (Rooj vag-Txhua-Ib puag ncig)
GAAFETs npog cov channel kom tiav dua (piv txwv li, nanosheets), muab kev tswj hwm zoo dua ntawm qhov me me heev. Kev hloov mus rau GAAFETs yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb rau cov nodes tiam tom ntej thaum FinFETs pib mus txog lawv cov kev txwv scaling.
Rau cov xov tooj ntse ARM chips, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm GAAFET yuav pom tau tias muaj kev siv hluav taws xob zoo - tseem ceeb rau lub roj teeb lub neej - thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv qab cov khoom hnyav (kev ua si, AI ntawm lub cuab yeej, 4K / 8K video kaw).
6. Cov Txheej Txheem Node ntawm Smartphone SoC
Txawm hais tias cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, cov qauv dav dav yog raws li nram no:
7 nm thiab nws cov derivatives
Lub node no sawv cev rau qhov dhia loj hauv qhov ceev thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo piv rau 10nm/12nm. Ntau 7nm SoCs tau qhib txoj hauv kev rau kev ua haujlwm GPU zoo dua thiab kev koom ua ke modem nyuaj dua.
5nm / 4nm
5nm tab tom pib pom EUV kev txais yuav dav dua. "4nm" feem ntau hais txog kev txhim kho dua 5nm nrog kev txhim kho qhov ceev, kev ua tau zoo, lossis kev ua haujlwm zoo dua. Hauv lub caij nyoog no, NPU / AI accelerators tab tom loj hlob sai vim muaj kev thov rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub koob yees duab thiab lub teeb yuag ntawm lub cuab yeej tsim hluav taws xob AI.
3 nm
3nm yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab qhov ceev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov nqi tsim khoom nce siab, qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tsim qauv nce ntxiv, thiab kev tswj hwm thermal tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb dua vim tias cov transistors denser ua rau muaj kev cov nyom thermal.
7. Yield, Bin, thiab Vim Li Cas Muaj Ntau Yam Chip Variants
Hauv kev tsim khoom loj, tsis yog txhua lub pwm ntawm lub wafer zoo tag nrho. Cov txiaj ntsig yog feem pua ntawm cov chips uas dhau cov lus qhia. Cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov neeg muag khoom SoC ua cov hauv qab no:
- kev kuaj xyuas wafer thiab kev ua haujlwm,
- kev sib sau ua pawg zoo (binning) raws li qhov muaj peev xwm zaus / voltage,
- qee zaum lov tes taw qee cov chav (piv txwv li qee cov GPU pawg) kom muag cov sib txawv.
Qhov no yog qhov laj thawj vim li cas muaj ntau hom SoCs hauv kev ua lag luam uas zoo sib xws tab sis muaj kev ua tau zoo sib txawv, lossis "Plus / Pro" cov qauv uas los ntawm cov bins zoo dua.
8. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm Fabrication rau ARM Architecture Design hauv Smartphones
Kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis cuam tshuam rau cov neeg muag khoom tsim cov ARM core configurations, xws li big.LITTLE lossis DynamIQ: kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov cores ua tau zoo thiab cov cores siv hluav taws xob tsawg. Nrog cov nodes siab dua:
- cov cores ua haujlwm siab tuaj yeem khiav ceev dua ntawm tib lub zog,
- cov cores ua haujlwm tau zoo tuaj yeem pheej yig dua rau cov haujlwm yooj yim,
- lub cache tuaj yeem nthuav dav yam tsis tau nthuav lub tuag ntau dhau,
- Cov cuab yeej AI accelerators tuaj yeem ntxiv rau kev ua cov txheej txheem ntawm lub koob yees duab, lub suab, thiab cov yam ntxwv tsim hluav taws xob.
Tab sis cov nodes me dua kuj coj cov teeb meem: xau dej hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tsim khoom, thiab cov kev cai tsim hluav taws xob nruj dua.
9. Kev Ntim Khoom thiab Kev Sib Koom Ua Ke: Tsis Yog "nm" Xwb
Kev nce qib ntawm cov xov tooj ntse tsis yog nyob ntawm cov transistors me me xwb, tab sis kuj nyob ntawm kev koom ua ke ntawm lub kaw lus:
- PoP (Package-on-Package) los teeb tsa DRAM rau saum SoC kom txuag tau qhov chaw.
- Kev ntim khoom siab heev pab txhim kho txoj kev teeb liab, bandwidth, thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo.
- Lub zog thiab kev tsim cua sov (lub zog/kev tsim cua sov) txiav txim siab qhov ua tau zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev ua si thiab kev kaw video ntev.
Txawm hais tias cov tswv yim zoo li chiplets tau txais kev nyiam hauv ntiaj teb PC / server, lawv cov kev siv hauv smartphones yog qhov nyuaj dua vim muaj kev txwv chaw, kev txwv nqi, thiab kev xav tau hluav taws xob nruj. Txawm li cas los xij, kev lag luam tseem qhib rau kev koom ua ke ntse ntxiv.
10. Txoj kev
Kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis yog lub hauv paus uas ua rau ARM-based chips hauv cov xov tooj ntse ua haujlwm sai dua, siv hluav taws xob tsawg dua, thiab muaj ntau yam ntxwv. Los ntawm DUV mus rau EUV lithography, los ntawm planar transistors mus rau FinFET mus rau GAAFET, txhua qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb rau SoC muaj peev xwm: kev ua si, kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm lub koob yees duab, AI ntawm lub cuab yeej, thiab kev siv roj teeb zoo. Tab sis tom qab tus lej "nm" muaj qhov tseeb nyuaj - tus nqi npog ntsej muag siab, cov teeb meem ntawm cov khoom, kev tsim thermal, thiab cov kev txwv ntawm transistor physics. Saib rau pem hauv ntej, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov nodes siab dua, kev tsim ARM architecture zoo dua, thiab kev tsim kho tshiab yuav txuas ntxiv mus rau kev tsim cov tiam tom ntej ntawm cov xov tooj ntse.
Yog tias koj xav tau, kuv tuaj yeem ntxiv ib ntu tshwj xeeb uas piv rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm TSMC vs Samsung Foundry, lossis tsim ib qho version ntawm tsab xov xwm (tham txog BEOL, qis-k, kev hloov pauv, IR poob, thiab moos / fais fab gating) raws li qhov xav tau.
