Cov Txheej Txheem Ua Cov Tshuaj Txhuam Hniav Txhuv Txiv Hmab Txiv Ntoo
Tshuaj txhuam hniav yog ib yam khoom siv rau tus kheej siv txhua hnub los tswj kev tu cev qhov ncauj, tiv thaiv kab mob, txo cov quav hniav, thiab ua kom pa tsw qab. Thaum cov neeg siv khoom nyiam hloov zuj zus, cov tshuaj txhuam hniav sib txawv kuj muaj ntau yam, suav nrog cov tshuaj txhuam hniav uas muaj txiv hmab txiv ntoo xws li txiv pos nphuab, txiv kab ntxwv, txiv hmab, txiv apple, lossis txiv hmab txiv ntoo sib xyaw. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav tsis yog tsuas yog muab kev xav zoo xwb, tab sis kuj feem ntau xaiv los ntawm cov menyuam yaus, cov hluas, lossis cov neeg laus uas tsis nyiam cov tsw qab mint muaj zog. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab qhov saj "phooj ywg" thiab tsw qab ntxiag, muaj ntau yam txheej txheem tsim khoom nruj, ntsuas uas ua tau raws li cov qauv kev nyab xeeb. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov tshuaj txhuam hniav uas muaj txiv hmab txiv ntoo los ntawm theem npaj cov tshuaj mus rau kev ntim khoom.
1. Kev Npaj Tsim Khoom thiab Kev Txiav Txim Siab Txog Cov Hom Phiaj Khoom
Kauj ruam thawj zaug hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj txhuam hniav uas muaj ntxhiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog txiav txim siab lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom. Cov chaw tsim khoom feem ntau teev cov haujlwm tseem ceeb, xws li anticaries (tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj qhov hauv cov hniav), ua kom cov enamel muaj zog, txo cov quav hniav, ua kom dawb me ntsis, lossis tshwj xeeb rau cov hniav rhiab. Thaum lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tau tsim, cov ntxhiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo raug xaiv ua ib feem ntawm cov khoom qhov kev xav.
Nyob rau theem no, pab pawg tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho (R&D) tsim cov khoom xyaw los ntawm kev xav txog ntau yam: kev nyab xeeb rau kev siv txhua hnub, kev ruaj khov ntawm lub sijhawm khaws cia, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov khoom xyaw, thiab kev haum ntawm saj thiab tsw qab rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj txhuam hniav. Cov tshuaj txhuam hniav zoo tsis yog tsuas yog hais txog kev "qab xwb," tab sis kuj yuav tsum muaj cov khoom zoo - tsis txhob ntws dhau, tsis tawv dhau, yooj yim rau kev muab tawm ntawm lub raj mis, ua npuas txaus, thiab tsis sib cais thaum khaws cia.
2. Kev Xaiv Cov Khoom Siv Raw Tseem Ceeb
Feem ntau, cov tshuaj txhuam hniav muaj cov khoom xyaw hauv qab no:
1. Siv txhuam (mos txhuam)
Piv txwv li suav nrog hydrated silica lossis calcium carbonate. Cov khoom siv txhuam hniav pab tshem tawm cov plaque thiab cov xim av ntawm cov hniav. Rau cov tshuaj txhuam hniav uas muaj ntxhiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo, cov khoom siv txhuam hniav mos mos tseem raug nyiam kom tsis txhob ua rau cov enamel puas tsuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias cov neeg mloog yog menyuam yaus.
2. Tshuaj pleev kom noo noo (moisturizer)
Cov tshuaj humectants xws li sorbitol, glycerin, lossis propylene glycol yog siv los ua kom cov tshuaj nplaum noo thiab tiv thaiv nws kom tsis txhob qhuav.
3. Cov Khoom Siv Ua Kom Ntev / Cov Khoom Ua Kom Ntev
Piv txwv li, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), xanthan gum, lossis carrageenan. Cov khoom xyaw no pab tsim cov qauv thiab tiv thaiv kev sib cais theem.
4. Surfactant (tus neeg sawv cev ua npuas ncauj)
Feem ntau, siv cov tshuaj sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) lossis lwm yam tshuaj uas tsis hnyav heev. Cov tshuaj surfactants pab ua npuas dej thiab nthuav cov tshuaj txhuam hniav thaum txhuam hniav. Rau cov khoom uas muaj ntxhiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo, qee lub tuam txhab tsim khoom xaiv cov tshuaj surfactants uas tsis hnyav heev kom txo qhov kev xav "ntse" thiab ua rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo saj zoo li ntuj.
5. Cov khoom xyaw nquag
Fluoride (xws li sodium fluoride los yog sodium monofluorophosphate) feem ntau siv los tiv thaiv kab mob caries. Kuj muaj cov khoom xyaw ntxiv xws li zinc rau kev tswj qhov ua pa phem lossis potassium nitrate rau cov hniav rhiab.
6. Khoom qab zib thiab khoom qab zib sib npaug
Txawm hais tias hu ua "cov khoom qab zib," cov khoom xyaw no feem ntau tsis muaj qab zib, xws li sodium saccharin lossis xylitol. Lawv lub hom phiaj yog los txhim kho qhov saj thiab npog qhov iab/ntsev ntawm qee cov khoom xyaw.
7. Txiv hmab txiv ntoo saj thiab aroma
Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb uas ua rau txawv. Cov saj txiv hmab txiv ntoo feem ntau yog cov saj zaub mov uas muaj kev nyab xeeb rau cov khoom siv tu qhov ncauj. Cov ntxhiab tsw yuav tsum ruaj khov, tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom xyaw nquag (xws li fluoride), thiab tseem qab tom qab sib xyaw nrog surfactants.
8. Xim (xaiv tau)
Cov tshuaj txhuam hniav uas muaj ntxhiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo feem ntau muaj xim ci ntsa iab kom pom cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, xws li xim liab dawb rau cov txiv pos nphuab lossis xim txiv kab ntxwv rau cov txiv kab ntxwv. Cov xim yuav tsum muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab siv raws li txoj cai.
9. Tshuaj tiv thaiv (yog tias xav tau)
Qee cov mis tshuaj yuav tsum tau siv cov tshuaj preservatives los tiv thaiv cov kab mob me me kom tsis txhob loj hlob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias cov dej noo ntau dua. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau cov mis tshuaj niaj hnub no siv cov tshuaj humectants thiab pH los tswj kom cov kab mob me me nyob ruaj khov.
3. Kev Npaj thiab Kev Ntsuas Cov Khoom Siv (Kev Ntsuas thiab Kev Muab Khoom)
Thaum cov mis tau txais kev pom zoo lawm, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom pib los ntawm kev ntsuas cov khoom siv raw raws li daim ntawv teev khoom. Kev raug yog qhov tseem ceeb, vim tias txawm tias qhov sib txawv me me tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov sib xws, saj, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom. Cov khoom xyaw raug ntsuas hauv chav huv si siv lub nplai calibrated, ua raws li Cov Txheej Txheem Kev Tsim Khoom Zoo (GMP) cov txheej txheem.
Cov khoom xyaw hmoov xws li cov khoom siv abrasives thiab cov binders feem ntau yog npaj sib cais los ntawm cov khoom xyaw kua xws li humectants. Cov saj txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov xim kuj feem ntau yog npaj me me thiab ntxiv rau theem kawg kom tiv thaiv lawv cov aromas kom tsis txhob evaporate lossis raug puas tsuaj los ntawm kev sib tov ntev.
4. Cov Txheej Txheem Sib Tov Pib: Tsim Cov Qib Kua thiab Cov Qib Gel Yooj Yim
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom feem ntau pib nrog kev sib tov cov kua: cov tshuaj humectants (xws li sorbitol thiab glycerin) raug sib tov rau hauv lub tank sib tov. Tom qab ntawd maj mam ntxiv cov binder thaum do kom tsis txhob lo ua ke. Qhov no yog qhov uas cov gel base tsim, uas yuav txiav txim siab qhov zoo ntawm cov nplaum.
Kev sib tov yog ua tiav ntawm qhov ceev thiab lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb. Yog tias lub chaw tsim khoom siv lub tshuab nqus tsev, cua tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm thaum lub sijhawm sib tov, txo cov npuas. Muaj cov npuas cua ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau cov nplaum zoo li khoob, cuam tshuam rau kev sau lub raj, thiab ua kom cov saj oxidation sai dua.
5. Ntxiv cov khoom siv txhuam thiab cov khoom xyaw nquag
Thaum cov gel hauv paus ua homogeneous, cov khoom sib xyaw yuav maj mam ntxiv. Qhov kev ntxiv maj mam no pab tiv thaiv kev sib sau ua ke thiab ua kom muaj kev faib tawm sib npaug. Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom xyaw nquag, xws li fluoride, raug ntxiv rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim kom tswj tau qhov ruaj khov. Lub pH ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw kuj raug kuaj xyuas, vim tias qee cov khoom xyaw nquag ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws hauv qhov pH tshwj xeeb, thiab cov saj txiv hmab txiv ntoo feem ntau qab dua ntawm pH qis dua.
Thaum lub sijhawm no, cov kws tshaj lij tsim khoom yuav saib xyuas qhov viscosity, qhov sib xws, thiab qhov kub. Qhov kub siab dhau tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lub tsw qab thiab ua rau cov khoom tsw qab uas yaj tau.
6. Ntxiv cov Surfactants, Sweeteners, Cov Tsw Qab Txiv Hmab Txiv Ntoo thiab Cov Xim
Feem ntau cov tshuaj surfactants raug ntxiv tom qab qhov sib tov tau ruaj khov txaus. Kev ntxiv cov tshuaj surfactants thaum ntxov dhau qee zaum tuaj yeem ua rau muaj npuas ntau dhau thaum sib tov, yog li cov chaw tsim khoom kho qhov kev txiav txim kom ntseeg tau tias kev ua haujlwm zoo.
Tom qab ntawd, yuav muab cov khoom qab zib uas tsis muaj suab thaj ntxiv rau kom nws qab zoo dua. Tom qab ntawd yog kauj ruam "ib txwm" rau cov tshuaj txhuam hniav uas muaj txiv hmab txiv ntoo: ntxiv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab tsw qab. Feem ntau yuav muab cov khoom qab ntxiv rau theem kawg nrog kev sib do maj mam kom nws tseem tsw qab. Yog tias siv cov xim, yuav muab ntxiv rau hauv cov koob tshuaj me me thiab yuav tsum tau sib tov kom huv si kom tau cov xim sib xws ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw.
Nyob rau theem no, feem ntau yuav muaj kev ntsuam xyuas sab hauv: tsw qab, saj thawj zaug, thiab saj tom qab. Txawm hais tias tsis yog khoom noj, cov tshuaj txhuam hniav nyob hauv qhov ncauj, yog li qhov saj ntawm cov khoom noj cuam tshuam rau kev paub ntawm tus neeg siv.
7. Kev Ua Homogenization, Deaeration, thiab Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo
Tom qab ntxiv tag nrho cov khoom xyaw lawm, cov khoom sib tov yuav tsum sib xyaw kom txog thaum sib npaug zoo. Ntau lub tuam txhab tsim khoom siv lub tshuab nqus tsev los tshem cov pa tawm (tshem tawm cua) kom tau txais cov nplaum du thiab ntom. Cov nplaum zoo tsis zoo li "gritty" ntau dhau, tsis muaj npuas, thiab muaj qhov zoo li ci ntsa iab uas ua tau raws li cov qauv.
Cov pab pawg QC mam li coj cov qauv mus kuaj, suav nrog:
– pH
- Qhov nplaum
- Cov ntsiab lus ntawm fluoride (yog tias muaj kev thov anticaries)
- Kev ruaj khov ntawm cov ua npuas ncauj
- Kev kuaj mob microbiological (tag nrho cov phaj suav, poov xab / pwm, thiab lwm yam kev ntsuas)
- Kev xeem ruaj khov (kev xeem ruaj khov sai ntawm qee qhov kub)
- Kev kuaj mob organoleptic (ib txwm muaj ntxhiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab saj, tsis rancid, tsis iab dhau)
Yog tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xeem ua tau raws li cov lus qhia, pawg khoom tau tshaj tawm tias dhau rau theem ntim khoom.
8. Cov txheej txheem ntim thiab ntim raj
Cov tshuaj txhuam hniav uas ua tiav lawm yuav raug muab tso rau hauv lub tshuab ntim tshuaj raj. Cov raj no tuaj yeem ua los ntawm yas, laminate, lossis txhuas, nyob ntawm hom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom. Lub tshuab yuav ntim cov tshuaj nplaum kom txog qhov ntim uas tau teev tseg thiab tom qab ntawd kaw lub hauv qab ntawm lub raj siv txoj kev kaw (cua sov/nias rau cov raj yas lossis crimping rau txhuas).
Tom qab ntawd, cov raj xa dej yuav raug sau nrog tus lej tsim khoom thiab hnub tas sij hawm, ces muab tso rau hauv cov thawv ntawv. Kev tshuaj xyuas zaum kawg yuav ua kom paub tseeb tias cov foob zoo, qhov hnyav tag nrho, kev tsim qauv thiab xim zoo ib yam, thiab txhua qhov xau.
9. Kev Ruaj Ntseg thiab Cov Cai Tswjfwm
Cov tshuaj txhuam hniav yog ib yam khoom uas raug tswj hwm nruj heev vim nws siv rau hauv qhov ncauj. Cov chaw tsim khoom yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias txhua yam khoom xyaw ua tau raws li cov qauv kev nyab xeeb, suav nrog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas siv. Cov tsw qab yuav tsum yog qib zaub mov lossis qib saib xyuas qhov ncauj, thiab tsis muaj cov kab mob phem. Yog tias cov khoom no yog rau cov menyuam yaus, cov ntsiab lus fluoride thiab cov lus ceeb toom siv yuav tsum ua raws li cov cai hauv thaj chaw lag luam.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, cov lus hais txog "txiv hmab txiv ntoo saj" yuav tsum tsis txhob ua rau neeg nkag siab yuam kev. Yog tias siv cov tsw qab tshuaj lom neeg, cov chaw tsim khoom feem ntau tshaj tawm lawv raws li cov cai ntawm daim ntawv lo. Kev pob tshab thiab kev ua raws li txoj cai yog cov feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.
10. Xaus Lus: Cov Tsw Qab Txiv Hmab Txiv Ntoo Ua Ib Qho Kev Tsim Kho Tshiab
Cov tshuaj txhuam hniav uas muaj ntxhiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm kev hnov lus tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov qauv kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev tshawb fawb txog kev tsim cov tshuaj txhuam hniav. Tom qab cov txiv pos nphuab qab zib lossis cov txiv kab ntxwv tshiab muaj cov txheej txheem ntev: kev xaiv cov khoom xyaw, kev sib xyaw ntsuas, kev tswj kom ruaj khov, thiab kev kuaj xyuas zoo. Lub hom phiaj kawg tseem zoo ib yam: los tsim cov tshuaj txhuam hniav uas muaj kev nyab xeeb, ua haujlwm tau zoo hauv kev ntxuav hniav, thiab lom zem siv. Los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov thev naus laus zis tsim khoom, cov tshuaj txhuam hniav zoo, thiab cov ntxhiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo ruaj khov, cov tshuaj txhuam hniav uas muaj ntxhiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo tuaj yeem yog qhov kev xaiv zoo rau ntau tus neeg yam tsis tas yuav txis lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho hniav thiab kev saib xyuas qhov ncauj.
Yog tias koj xav tau, kuv kuj tuaj yeem ua ib qho version ntawm tsab xov xwm no hauv cov qauv kev tshawb fawb ntau dua (raws li cov kauj ruam ntawm kev lag luam) lossis ib qho version yooj yim dua rau cov haujlwm hauv tsev kawm ntawv.
