Cov Txheej Txheem Ua Cov Tshuaj Ntxuav Kom Tshem Tawm Cov Xim Av
Cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws yog ib yam khoom siv ntxuav uas siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv lub neej txhua hnub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev ntxuav khaub ncaws thiab tshem tawm ntau hom xim av. Txawm hais tias nws yuav zoo li yooj yim, cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim tshuaj lom neeg nyuaj heev. Nws muaj cov khoom xyaw nquag, cov khoom xyaw txhawb nqa, thiab cov khoom ntxiv, txhua tus muaj lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev yaj cov av, tshem tawm cov roj, dai cov xim av kom lawv tsis lo rau, thiab tswj cov ntaub zoo. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws rau kev tshem tawm cov xim av, los ntawm lub tswv yim yooj yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws, cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb, mus rau theem tsim khoom thiab kev kuaj xyuas zoo.
Cov Tshuaj Ntxuav Ua Haujlwm Li Cas Los Tshem Tawm Cov Stains
Yuav kom nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes. Cov tshuaj ntxuav tes muaj cov surfactants, cov molecules nrog ob sab: ib sab "dej-hlub" (hydrophilic) thiab ib sab "roj-hlub" (hydrophobic). Thaum sib xyaw nrog dej, cov surfactant khi rau cov roj lossis cov roj-raws li cov xim los ntawm nws qhov hydrophobic, tom qab ntawd nqa thiab yaj / disperses cov xim hauv dej los ntawm nws qhov hydrophilic. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, ib qho qauv hu ua micelle raug tsim, ib pawg ntawm surfactants uas "khi" cov roj hauv nws nruab nrab, tso cai rau cov xim raug nqa mus los ntawm dej ntxuav.
Dhau li ntawm cov surfactants, cov tshuaj ntxuav tes kuj xav tau lwm cov khoom xyaw xws li cov neeg tsim khoom los ua kom cov dej mos, cov enzymes los rhuav tshem cov protein lossis cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, cov neeg sawv cev dawb kom tshem tawm cov xim tawv ncauj, thiab cov neeg sawv cev tiv thaiv kev rov ua dua kom tiv thaiv cov av uas tau raug tshem tawm kom tsis txhob lo dua.
Cov Khoom Xyaw Tseem Ceeb hauv Detergent
Cov hauv qab no yog cov khoom tseem ceeb uas feem ntau siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav cov xim:
1. Surfactant (cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb)
Piv txwv li Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) los yog Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS). Cov tshuaj surfactants txiav txim siab lub peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav kom tshem tawm cov roj, hmoov av, thiab av qias neeg.
2. Cov khoom siv los yog cov khoom siv ua kom dej tawv
Cov dej tawv muaj cov calcium thiab magnesium ions, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov surfactants. Cov khoom siv xws li sodium carbonate (soda ash), zeolite, lossis phosphate (hauv qee cov mis) ua haujlwm los ua kom muaj zog ntxuav ntau dua.
3. Cov Enzymes
Cov enzymes xws li protease zom cov protein stains (ntshav, qe), amylase zom cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab (mov, noodles), thiab lipase zom cov rog. Cov enzymes ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov stains tshwj xeeb yam tsis tas yuav ntxiv ntau surfactant.
4. Tshuaj dawb (tshuaj dawb)
Rau cov xim tawv ncauj xws li kas fes, tshuaj yej, lossis cov xim daj, sodium percarbonate lossis sodium perborate feem ntau yog siv, qee zaum nrog cov tshuaj dawb activator (TAED) ntxiv rau kev ua haujlwm zoo dua ntawm qhov kub qis dua.
5. Tus tswj cov khoom siv thiab cov qauv
Piv txwv li, sodium sulfate ua ib qho khoom muab tub lim, nrog rau ib qho thickening agent rau cov tshuaj ntxuav kua.
6. Cov khoom ntxiv
Cov tshuaj tsw qab, cov xim, cov tshuaj ua kom ci ntsa iab, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua npuas dej lossis cov tshuaj tswj ua npuas dej, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws ua kua.
Cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws uas muaj nyob hauv txhua hom thiab hom tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws sib txawv, nyob ntawm seb cov neeg siv khoom xav tau dab tsi, kev xav tau ntxuav khaub ncaws, thiab cov qauv ib puag ncig.
Cov Theem ntawm Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Tshuaj Ntxuav
Cov txheej txheem tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav tes yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb koj xav tau hom khoom li cas: hmoov, kua, lossis gel. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem feem ntau suav nrog kev npaj cov tshuaj, kev sib tov cov khoom xyaw, kev tsim cov khoom, thiab kev ntim khoom.
1. Tsim Qauv
Thaum pib, pab pawg tsim khoom txiav txim siab lub hom phiaj ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws: seb nws puas yog rau cov xim hnyav, khaub ncaws menyuam yaus, lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws pem hauv ntej / sab saud, lossis dej txias. Lub hom phiaj no txiav txim siab qib surfactant, hom enzyme, cov khoom tsim, thiab lwm yam khoom ntxiv. Cov mis kuj tseem xav txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm daim tawv nqaij, kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig, thiab cov nqi tsim khoom.
2. Kev Npaj thiab Kev Ntsuas Cov Khoom Siv (Kev Ua Ib Pawg)
Cov khoom siv raw raug npaj ua qhov ntau thiab tsawg raws li daim ntawv qhia ua. Kev ntsuas qhov hnyav raug ua kom raug, vim tias qhov sib txawv me me tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm, qib ua npuas dej, viscosity, aroma, thiab txawm tias cov khoom ruaj khov. Hauv cov chaw tsim khoom loj, kev ntsuas qhov hnyav yog ua tsis siv neeg siv lub kaw lus tswj.
3. Kev Sib Tov
Cov theem sib tov yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev tsim khoom. Rau cov tshuaj ntxuav hmoov, cov khoom xyaw khov xws li cov khoom tsim, cov khoom sau, thiab qee cov tshuaj surfactants hmoov raug sib tov rau hauv lub tshuab sib tov hauv kev lag luam. Rau cov tshuaj ntxuav kua, cov tshuaj surfactant kua raug sib tov nrog dej, cov kuab tshuaj, cov khoom ua kom tuab, thiab lwm yam khoom ntxiv kom txog thaum sib xyaw ua ke.
Thaum sib tov, tej yam xws li qhov kub thiab txias, qhov ceev ntawm kev sib tov, thiab qhov kev txiav txim uas cov khoom xyaw raug ntxiv yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Piv txwv li, cov enzymes thiab tshuaj tsw qab feem ntau raug ntxiv rau theem kawg kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cua sov lossis kev cuam tshuam tshuaj nrog lwm cov khoom xyaw.
4. Kev Tsim Cov Tshuaj Ntxuav Hmoov: Tsuag Kom Qhuav Los Yog Sib Tov Qhuav
Rau cov tshuaj ntxuav hmoov, muaj ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb:
- Tshuaj tsuag kom qhuav (tshuaj tsuag kom qhuav)
Cov tshuaj sib tov (cov khoom sib tov tuab) raug txau rau hauv lub chamber ziab kom sov, ua rau cov dej ua pa thiab ua cov hmoov uas muaj qhov me me. Cov hmoov uas muaj qhov me me no feem ntau yaj sai dua thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo dua.
- Kev Sib Tov Qhuav (kev sib tov qhuav)
Txoj kev no yooj yim dua thiab siv hluav taws xob tsawg dua. Tag nrho cov khoom xyaw raug sib xyaw qhuav yam tsis muaj txheej txheem ziab loj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hmoov uas tau los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem ua kom ntom dua thiab yaj qeeb dua me ntsis yog tias tsis tau tsim kom zoo.
Hauv qee yam khoom, siv kev sib xyaw ua ke: lub hauv paus hmoov yog ua los ntawm kev tsuag kom qhuav, tom qab ntawd cov khoom xyaw rhiab heev xws li cov enzymes, tshuaj tsw qab, lossis qee cov tshuaj dawb raug ntxiv los ntawm cov txheej txheem "tom qab sib xyaw".
5. Kev Tsim Cov Tshuaj Ntxuav Kua: Kev Sib Npaug thiab Kev Kho Kom Viscosity
Rau cov tshuaj ntxuav kua, tom qab cov surfactant thiab cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb tau sib xyaw, pH thiab viscosity raug kho. Cov thickeners xws li qee cov ntsev lossis polymers raug ntxiv maj mam. Cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum tau tswj hwm nruj vim tias kev ntxiv sai dhau tuaj yeem ua rau clumping lossis tsis ruaj khov.
6. Ntxiv Cov Khoom Siv Uas Muaj Kev Rhiab
Feem ntau cov tshuaj tsw qab, cov xim zas, cov enzymes, thiab cov tshuaj ua kom ci ntsa iab feem ntau raug ntxiv tom qab cov khoom sib tov txias lawm. Qhov no ua kom cov khoom xyaw tseem ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab cov ntxhiab tsw tsis yaj.
7. Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo (Kev Ntsuas Zoo)
Ua ntej ntim khoom, cov tshuaj ntxuav yuav raug kuaj hauv chav kuaj mob. Cov yam ntxwv uas feem ntau kuaj muaj xws li:
- pH (kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau ntaub thiab tawv nqaij)
- kev ruaj khov (tsis yooj yim tawg los yog sib cais)
- muaj peev xwm ntxuav cov xim ntawm cov ntaub sim txheem
- Cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm surfactant
- qib ua npuas ncauj (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws)
- solubility rau cov tshuaj ntxuav hmoov
- lub zog ntawm aroma thiab cov khoom zoo li cas
Kev kuaj cov xim feem ntau yog ua los ntawm kev siv cov ntaub uas muaj cov xim ib txwm muaj xws li roj, kua ntses, kas fes, lossis av. Cov ntaub raug ntxuav siv cov txheej txheem sib xws los sib piv kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj.
8. Kev Ntim Khoom thiab Kev Faib Khoom
Cov khoom uas dhau qhov kev xeem ces raug ntim. Cov tshuaj ntxuav hmoov raug ntim rau hauv yas, hnab, lossis thawv ntawv, thaum cov tshuaj ntxuav kua feem ntau raug ntim rau hauv lub raj mis lossis cov hnab ntim khoom rov qab tau. Cov ntim yuav tsum tiv thaiv cov khoom ntawm cov dej noo, huab cua, thiab kev ua qias tuaj, thaum tseem tswj tau qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab.
Cov Yam Uas Txiav Txim Siab Txog Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo ntawm Cov Tshuaj Tshem Tawm Cov Xim
Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes tsis yog nyob ntawm nws cov mis xwb, tab sis kuj nyob ntawm seb siv li cas. Qhov kub ntawm dej, lub sijhawm ntub dej, qhov ntau ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, thiab hom xim yog cov yam tseem ceeb. Cov xim roj raug kho zoo dua nrog cov surfactants muaj zog thiab dej sov, thaum cov xim protein zoo dua nrog cov enzymes thiab ntub dej. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj ntxuav tes niaj hnub no feem ntau tsim los ua "ntau lub hom phiaj" rau ntau yam mob.
Kev kaw
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav kom tshem tawm cov xim muaj ntau yam sib xyaw ua ke cov tshuaj lom neeg, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, thiab cov qauv zoo. Txij li kev xaiv cov surfactants thiab cov khoom tsim, mus rau kev ntxiv cov enzymes thiab bleach, mus rau kev sib tov, kev tsim khoom, thiab kev sim ua haujlwm, txhua yam yog tsim los kom ntseeg tau tias cov tshuaj ntxuav ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm ntau yam xim. Nrog rau cov qauv zoo thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tswj hwm, cov tshuaj ntxuav tuaj yeem yog cov kev daws teeb meem zoo rau kev khaws cov khaub ncaws kom huv thiab txuas ntxiv lub neej ntawm cov ntaub.
Yog tias koj xav tau, kuv kuj tuaj yeem ua ib qho version ntxiv ntawm tsab xov xwm no (nrog rau cov piv txwv ntawm feem pua ntawm cov khoom xyaw), lossis ib qho version yooj yim dua rau cov haujlwm hauv tsev kawm ntawv.
