Cov Hom Hlau Rau Cov Cheebtsam Hluav Taws Xob thiab Lawv Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub no tsis yog txhais los ntawm kev tsim lub voj voog thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm cov chip xwb, tab sis kuj los ntawm kev xaiv cov hlau zoo rau txhua yam khoom. Cov hlau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ua cov hlau hluav taws xob, cov ntaub ntawv sib cuag, cov txheej tiv thaiv xeb, cov hlau txuas, cov ntaub ntawv vuam, thiab txawm tias cov ntaub ntawv tsim rau cov cua sov thiab kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob. Txhua hom hlau muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv - kev ua hluav taws xob, kev tiv thaiv xeb, lub zog kho tshuab, qhov chaw yaj, thiab yooj yim ntawm kev tsim khoom - yog li kev xaiv yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm daim ntawv thov. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov hom hlau uas feem ntau siv rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab lawv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom hauv kev lag luam.
1. Tooj Liab (Tooj Liab/Cu): Lub Pob Txha Ntawm Cov Neeg Txuas Hluav Taws Xob
Tooj liab yog cov hlau tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob vim nws muaj hluav taws xob zoo heev, yooj ywm, thiab tus nqi piv rau cov hlau muaj nqis. Tooj liab yog siv rau hauv cov laug cam luam tawm (PCBs), cov cables, lub cev muaj zog / transformer windings, busbars, thiab cov connectors.
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom:
– Kev ua kom zoo thiab kev siv hluav taws xob: Cov hlau tooj liab raug ua kom huv si kom ua tiav qhov huv siab (feem ntau >99,9%). Rau cov ntawv thov hluav taws xob, kev huv si yog qhov tseem ceeb kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev tiv thaiv qis.
– Dov thiab annealing: Tooj liab raug dov ua cov ntawv nyias (foils) rau PCBs, tom qab ntawd annealed (cua sov thiab txias hauv txoj kev tswj hwm) kom nws yooj yim dua thiab yooj yim dua rau kev ua.
– Kev siv tooj liab electroplating: Hauv cov txheej txheem tsim PCB, cov kab tooj liab tuaj yeem "loj hlob" los ntawm kev siv electroplating hauv qee thaj chaw kom ua rau txoj kab tuab dua.
2. Txhuas (Al): Sib dua, Pheej yig, thiab txhim khu kev qha rau Thermal
Aluminium yog siv dav rau cov dab dej kub, cov casings, cov thav duab ntaus ntawv, thiab cov electrolytic capacitors (ua anode foil). Txawm hais tias nws cov hluav taws xob conductivity qis dua li ntawm tooj liab, txhuas zoo tshaj plaws hauv qhov hnyav sib dua, tiv taus corrosion (vim nws cov txheej oxide ntuj), thiab thermal conductivity zoo.
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom:
– Die casting thiab extrusion: Cov dab dej kub feem ntau yog ua los ntawm extrusion (thawb txhuas los ntawm lub pwm) los ua cov fins txias, lossis tuag casting rau cov duab nyuaj.
– Anodizing: Ib qho txheej txheem electrochemical uas tsim cov txheej oxide tuab dua thiab ruaj khov dua. Anodizing ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv xeb ntau dua thiab tuaj yeem txhim kho cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tso cua sov (nyob ntawm qhov ua tiav).
- Etching (rau capacitor foil): Qhov saum npoo ntawm txhuas yog etched kom nce thaj chaw ntawm qhov chaw, yog li ua rau lub peev xwm ntau ntxiv hauv qhov me me.
3. Tin (Sn) thiab Solder Alloy: Cov Khoom Sib Txuas Ntawm Cov Cheebtsam
Tin yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv solder. Cov khoom siv solder txuas cov khoom sib txuas rau PCB thaum ua kom muaj kev sib cuag hluav taws xob thiab lub zog kho tshuab. Niaj hnub no, ntau lub lag luam siv cov khoom siv solder tsis muaj lead xws li SAC (Tin-Silver-Tooj), xws li Sn-Ag-Cu.
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom:
– Kev sib xyaw ua ke (ua cov hlau sib xyaw): Tin yog sib xyaw nrog nyiaj thiab tooj liab hauv qee cov khoom sib xyaw kom tau txais qhov chaw yaj thiab lub zog sib koom ua ke.
- Reflow soldering: Cov tshuaj nplaum solder raug luam tawm (stencil printing) rau ntawm PCB pad, tom qab ntawd cua sov hauv qhov cub reflow kom cov solder yaj thiab tsim kev sib txuas.
- Kev vuam yoj: Rau cov khoom sib txuas los ntawm qhov, lub rooj tsavxwm raug hla dhau ib nthwv dej ntawm cov vuam yaj kom cov ceg ntawm cov khoom sib txuas tau vuam.
4. Kub (Au): Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Xeb Zoo Tshaj Plaws
Kub siv rau hauv cov khoom sib txuas, cov ntaub qhwv, cov xov hlau sib txuas, thiab cov txheej txheej sib txuas vim nws tiv taus oxidation siab thiab muaj kev coj ua hluav taws xob siab. Kub ua kom muaj kev sib txuas ruaj khov txawm tias siv ntau zaus thiab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw noo noo.
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom:
– Kev plating kub: Ib txheej kub nyias nyias raug siv rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub connector lossis pad. Qhov tuab no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tiv thaiv kev hnav yam tsis muaj nqi ntau dhau.
– Kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlau: Hauv kev lag luam semiconductor, cov hlau kub (lossis lwm txoj hauv kev) yog siv los txuas lub pwm rau lub thav duab los ntawm cov txheej txheem thermosonic / ultrasonic bonding.
– ENIG ntawm PCB: Ib qho tiav nrov ntawm PCB yog ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold): nickel yog plated yam tsis muaj hluav taws xob, tom qab ntawd ib txheej kub nyias ua txheej sab nraud.
5. Nyiaj (Ag): Kev Ua Hluav Taws Xob Siab Tshaj Plaws rau Cov Kev Tshwj Xeeb
Nyiaj muaj qhov hluav taws xob conductivity siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau feem ntau, ua rau nws siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb xws li cov conductors ua haujlwm siab, conductive pastes, khawm daim nyias nyias, thiab qee qhov connectors. Qhov teeb meem yog tias nyiaj tuaj yeem tarnish vim nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog sulfur.
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom:
– Cov nyiaj nplaum (kev luam ntawv): Hauv cov voj voog lossis cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv tau, cov qauv ntawm cov neeg hlau nyiaj raug luam tawm siv cov txheej txheem luam ntawv tshwj xeeb, tom qab ntawd ziab/kho.
– Kev plating nyiaj: Kev siv electroplating ua rau qee cov connectors kom txo qhov kev tiv thaiv kev sib cuag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj hluav taws xob ntau.
6. Nickel (Ni): Kev Txheej Txheem Tiv Thaiv thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Hnav
Feem ntau nickel ua haujlwm ua ib txheej thaiv kom tiv thaiv cov hlau tsis sib kis thiab txhim kho kev hnav tsis kam hauv cov connectors. Hauv PCB finishing, nickel yog siv ua ntej kub (piv txwv li, ENIG) vim nws muab lub zog thiab kev ruaj khov rau lub pad.
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom:
– Kev plating nickel tsis siv hluav taws xob: Tsim cov txheej nickel sib npaug zos yam tsis muaj hluav taws xob, tsim nyog rau cov qauv geometries nyuaj.
– Nickel electroplating: Siv rau cov txheej uas xav tau kev tswj hwm tuab ntxiv.
7. Palladium (Pd) thiab Platinum (Pt): Ruaj khov rau kev sib cuag thiab txheej
Palladium siv rau hauv qee cov connectors thiab ua lwm txoj hauv kev rau kub plating los txhim kho kev hnav tsis kam ntawm qee zaum tus nqi qis dua. Platinum tsis tshua siv vim nws tus nqi siab, tab sis nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv siab ua rau nws haum rau qee cov ntawv thov sensor.
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom:
– Kev xaiv txheej: Pd feem ntau tsuas yog xaiv txheej rau ntawm thaj chaw sib cuag xwb rau kev txuag nyiaj.
– Kev tsim cov electrodes sensor: Pt tuaj yeem tsim ua cov electrodes nyias nyias los ntawm kev tso cov lithographic thiab patterning (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv cov sensors thiab micro devices).
8. Hlau, Hlau, thiab Cov Khoom Sib Xyaws: Lub Zog thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv
Cov hlau thiab cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke yog siv rau cov thav duab, ntsia hlau, chassis, thiab cov tsev uas xav tau lub zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov hlau ntawv tuaj yeem siv ua EMI shielding.
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom:
– Kev luam ntawv thiab khoov: Cov ntawv hlau raug txiav-ua (styled) thiab khoov los ua cov brackets, npog, thiab thav duab.
– Txheej tiv thaiv xeb: Feem ntau cov hlau yog coated nrog zinc (galvanizing), nickel, lossis xim/hmoov txheej kom nws tsis xeb.
– Kev tsim cov kaus mom tiv thaiv: Cov ntaub thaiv EMI ntawm cov PCBs feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov ntawv hlau nyias uas tau muab luam tawm, tom qab ntawd txuas nrog cov hlau nplaum lossis cov clip.
9. Leadframe: Tooj liab thiab tooj liab alloys rau IC Ntim
Hauv qee cov pob IC, cov thav duab ua los ntawm cov hlau lead yog ua los ntawm tooj liab lossis nws cov alloys vim lawv cov conductivity zoo thiab yooj yim ntawm kev molding precision.
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom:
- Kev luam ntawv zuj zus: Cov hlau ntawv raug ua tiav ua ntu zus los ntawm kev tuag los tsim cov ceg ntawm IC.
- Kev siv tshuaj lom neeg los kos duab: Lwm txoj hauv kev los ua kom cov duab zoo nkauj, siv cov tshuaj lom neeg los "kos duab" tus qauv ntawm lub thav duab.
- Plating (Sn, Ni, Ag, Au): Lub thav duab hlau lead yog coated los txhim kho solderability thiab corrosion tsis kam.
10. Cov Qauv Rau Kev Xaiv Cov Hlau Hauv Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob
Kev xaiv hlau tsis yog hais txog kev ua hluav taws xob xwb. Cov neeg tsim qauv kuj xav txog:
1. Kev ua hluav taws xob thiab kev tiv taus kev sib cuag (piv txwv li tooj liab, nyiaj, kub).
2. Kev tiv thaiv oxidation/xeb (kub zoo heev, nickel ua ib qho thaiv).
3. Lub zog thiab kev hnav ntawm lub tshuab (hlau, nickel, palladium).
4. Kev ua tau zoo thermal (txhuas rau lub dab dej kub).
5. Kev sib xws ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom xws li reflow soldering, plating, thiab stamping.
6. Tus nqi thiab kev muaj cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj.
Kev kaw
Cov hlau yog "lub hauv paus lub cev" uas ua rau cov teeb liab hluav taws xob ntws, cua sov kom ploj mus, thiab kev sib txuas kom kav ntev hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Tooj liab yog tus thawj coj hauv txoj kev conduction, txhuas ua tau zoo heev ntawm kev tswj cua sov, tin thiab nws cov alloys tuav cov khoom ua ke los ntawm kev soldering, thaum kub, nyiaj, nickel, thiab palladium ua kom muaj kev sib cuag zoo thiab tiv taus corrosion. Tom qab cov hlau no, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom xws li dov, stamping, extrusion, etching, plating, thiab reflow soldering yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau thiab lawv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, peb tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom siv txhim khu kev qha, ua haujlwm tau zoo, thiab ruaj khov dua.
Yog tias koj xav tau, kuv tuaj yeem hloov kho tsab xov xwm no rau ib qho ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb - piv txwv li, tsom mus rau PCB, connector, lossis SMT kev lag luam sib dhos - thiab ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov peev txheej kev siv tshuab.
