Cov txheej txheem tsim cov hlau sib xyaw rau cov qauv tsev
Hauv lub ntiaj teb kev tsim kho niaj hnub no, qhov xav tau cov khoom siv muaj zog, ruaj khov, thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo txuas ntxiv mus. Ib qho ntawm cov lus teb tseem ceeb rau qhov xav tau no yog cov hlau sib xyaw - cov hlau ua los ntawm kev sib xyaw ob lossis ntau yam khoom, feem ntau yog kom ua tiav cov khoom siv kho tshuab zoo dua thiab tiv taus ib puag ncig dua li cov hlau ntshiab. Hauv cov qauv tsev, cov hlau sib xyaw yog siv rau hauv cov thav duab hlau, cov pob qij txha, cov phaj, cov kem, cov ntoo, cov xov hlau, thiab txawm tias cov khoom siv txuas. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov txheej txheem tsim cov hlau sib xyaw uas cuam tshuam rau kev siv cov qauv tsev, los ntawm kev xaiv cov khoom sib xyaw mus rau cov txheej txheem tsim thiab kev sim zoo.
1. Cov ntsiab cai yooj yim ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw hauv kev tsim kho
Cov hlau ntshiab xws li hlau lossis txhuas muaj cov kev txwv: lawv tuaj yeem mos dhau, yooj yim xeb, lossis tsis ruaj khov ntawm qee qhov kub. Nrog cov hlau sib xyaw, cov chaw tsim khoom tuaj yeem tswj cov khoom ntawm cov khoom, piv txwv li:
- Lub zog tensile thiab lub zog yield (qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nqa khoom).
- Kev yooj yim kom nws tsis tawg yooj yim.
- Hardness rau kev hnav tsis kam.
- Kev tiv thaiv corrosion rau cov av noo, ntug dej hiav txwv, lossis chaw ua lag luam.
- Kev vuam thiab kev tsim khoom muaj peev xwm rau kev sib dhos yooj yim hauv thaj teb.
Hauv cov qauv tsev, cov hlau sib xyaw feem ntau yog:
- Cov hlau carbon thiab cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau rau cov ntoo thiab cov kem.
- Hlau tsis xeb rau cov chaw ua xeb lossis cov qauv tsim vaj tsev.
- Cov hlau txhuas rau cov ntsej muag, cov thav teeb, thiab qee yam khoom uas tsis yog cov qauv.
2. Kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke
Cov txheej txheem tsim cov hlau sib xyaw yeej ib txwm pib nrog kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw. Cov kws ua haujlwm hlau txiav txim siab seb cov ntsiab lus twg yuav ntxiv raws li kev ua tau zoo thiab cov hom phiaj nqi. Piv txwv ntawm cov luag haujlwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus:
- Cov pa roj carbon (C) hauv cov hlau ua rau lub zog thiab qhov tawv ntxiv, tab sis ntau dhau tuaj yeem txo qhov weldability.
- Manganese (Mn) pab ua kom muaj zog thiab khi cov sulfur ua ke kom txo tau qhov brittleness.
- Chromium (Cr) ua rau kom muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion thiab oxidation.
- Nickel (Ni) ua rau muaj zog dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum kub tsawg.
- Molybdenum (Mo) ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv rau kev nkag thiab qee yam xeb.
- Silicon (Si) pab cov txheej txheem deoxidation thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj zog ntxiv.
Hauv cov hlau txhuas, cov ntsiab lus xws li Mg, Si, Zn, Cu raug xaiv los ua kom muaj zog lossis tiv taus xeb, thaum tseem xav txog qhov yooj yim ntawm kev rho tawm thiab vuam.
3. Cov txheej txheem yaj thiab ua kom zoo
Kev tsim cov hlau ua los ntawm kev lag luam feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem yaj hauv lub cub tawg, ua raws li kev ntxuav kom tshem tawm cov khoom tsis huv.
a) Lub Rauv Hluav Taws Xob Thiab Lub Rauv Pa Hluav Taws Xob (BOF)
Rau cov qauv siv niaj hnub, cov qauv classic suav nrog:
1. Lub cub tawg (lub cub tawg) tsim cov hlau molten (hlau kub) los ntawm cov hlau ore.
2. BOF (lub cub tawg oxygen yooj yim) hloov cov hlau uas yaj mus ua hlau los ntawm kev tshuab pa oxygen kom txo cov pa roj carbon thiab tshem tawm cov khoom tsis huv.
Txoj kev no yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim khoom loj xws li cov qauv hlau profiles.
b) Hluav Taws Xob Arc Rauv (EAF)
Cov EAFs siv dav rau kev rov ua dua cov khoom seem thiab tsim ntau yam hlau. Lawv cov txiaj ntsig suav nrog:
- Muaj kev ywj pheej ntau dua rau kev tswj cov khoom sib xyaw.
- Haum rau kev tsim cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke.
- Yooj yim dua los hloov kho qhov zoo rau cov kev xav tau ntawm qhov project.
c) Kev ua kom huv theem ob (kev ua hlau theem ob)
Yuav kom cov hlau ua tau raws li cov qauv kev tsim kho vaj tse, kev ua tiav ntxiv yog ua tiav xws li:
- Deoxidation (txo cov pa oxygen yaj) los tiv thaiv porosity.
- Desulfurization (txo cov sulfur) kom ua rau muaj zog dua.
- Siv lub tshuab nqus tsev degassing (tshem tawm cov pa roj xws li hydrogen) los tiv thaiv kev tawg ntawm hydrogen thiab cov qhov tsis zoo sab hauv.
- Ntxiv cov khoom sib xyaw kom raug kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom siv sib xws.
Theem kev ua kom huv theem ob yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau cov hlau muaj zog lossis cov hlau uas yuav raug vuam hauv daim teb.
4. Cov txheej txheem casting thiab kev tsim thawj zaug
Thaum cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke haum, cov hlau molten raug tsim ua ib daim ntawv semi-finished.
a) Kev ua yeeb yam tas mus li
Niaj hnub nim no, kev casting tas mus li yog txoj kev tseem ceeb. Cov hlau uas yaj lawm raug nchuav rau hauv cov slabs, blooms, lossis billets tas mus li, tom qab ntawd txiav kom ntev. Nws cov txiaj ntsig:
- Kev ua haujlwm zoo.
- Cov qauv microstructure sib xws dua.
- Txo cov qhov tsis zoo piv rau cov ingot casting ib txwm muaj.
b) Ingot casting (tsis tshua muaj)
Siv rau qee yam kev siv tshwj xeeb, tab sis nws yooj yim dua rau kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw thiab xav tau kev ua tiav ntxiv.
5. Kev tsim cov khoom siv thermomechanical: dov, forging, thiab extrusion
Cov duab qauv xws li I-beams, H-beams, C-channels, plates, lossis reinforcing bars yuav tsum tau muaj cov txheej txheem tsim.
a) Kub dov
Lub slab los yog paj yog cua sov thiab tom qab ntawd dov rau hauv:
- Cov phaj rau kev sib txuas thiab cov phaj hauv paus.
– Cov qauv profile (H, I, U, L) rau cov beams thiab kem.
- Cov hlau thiab cov pas nrig hlau rau kev txuas cov ntsiab lus.
Kev dov kub kuj pab txhim kho cov qauv noob thiab txhim kho cov khoom siv kho tshuab.
b) Kev tswj hwm dov / TMCP (Thermo-Mechanical Controlled Processing)
Qhov no yog ib txoj kev tseem ceeb rau cov hlau uas muaj zog thiab tsis muaj hlau sib xyaw. Los ntawm kev tswj qhov kub thiab txo qis thaum lub sijhawm dov, cov chaw tsim khoom ua tiav:
- Cov noob zoo dua (cov noob zoo dua).
- Muaj zog heev yam tsis ua rau cov pa roj carbon ntau dhau.
- Txhim kho qhov vuam tau zoo, tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho choj thiab tsev siab.
c) Kev Ua Hlau
Siv rau cov khoom uas xav tau kev tawv siab, xws li cov flanges tshwj xeeb, cov anchors, lossis cov khoom sib txuas hnyav. Kev forging txhim kho cov qauv hlau thiab txo cov qhov sab hauv.
d) Extrusion (txhuas xwb)
Cov ntaub ntawv txhuas rau lub ntsej muag thiab cov thav duab sib dua yog ua los ntawm kev rho tawm: cov billets raug cua sov thiab tom qab ntawd thawb los ntawm lub pwm kom tsim cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw, sib dua.
6. Kev kho cua sov (kev kho cua sov) los tswj cov khoom
Kev kho cua sov lub hom phiaj yog hloov pauv cov qauv me me kom cov khoom kawg ua tau raws li qhov xav tau tsim.
Hauv kev tsim kho hlau:
- Normalizing ua rau cov qauv sib npaug thiab tawv.
- Quenching & tempering (Q&T) tsim cov zog siab, feem ntau siv rau qee yam khoom uas xav tau lub zog ntau dua.
- Kev txo kev ntxhov siab txo cov kev ntxhov siab seem uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev vuam lossis kev tsim.
Hauv qee cov hlau txhuas:
- Kev kho cua sov thiab kev laus ntawm cov tshuaj (piv txwv li 6xxx lossis 7xxx series) ua rau muaj zog ntxiv los ntawm kev nag lossis daus.
Kev xaiv ntawm kev kho cua sov yuav tsum xav txog kev tiv thaiv kab nrib pleb, weldability, thiab kev ua tau zoo mus sij hawm ntev.
7. Cov txheej txheem txhim kho kev tiv thaiv xeb rau cov chaw tsim kho
Cov qauv tsev feem ntau raug dej nag, av noo, ntsev (ntug dej hiav txwv), lossis cov pa phem los ntawm kev lag luam. Yog li ntawd, ntxiv rau kev xaiv cov hlau zoo, cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kuj raug siv:
- Kev pleev xim galvanizing (zinc txheej) yog ib qho uas siv ntau heev rau cov hlau ua vaj tse kom nws tiv taus xeb.
- Cov hlau uas tiv taus huab cua (piv txwv li, qee cov hlau sib xyaw uas tsim cov patina tiv thaiv) yog qhov tsim nyog rau qee qhov xwm txheej huab cua.
- Hlau tsis xeb rau cov chaw uas xav tau kev tiv taus xeb siab thiab tsis tas yuav kho ntau.
- Cov txheej txheem txheej (epoxy, polyurethane, thiab lwm yam) ua kev tiv thaiv ntxiv.
Kev tiv thaiv xeb tsis yog tsuas yog qhov zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis kuj yog kev nyab xeeb vim tias xeb tuaj yeem txo qhov seem ntawm qhov chaw thiab ua rau cov qauv tsis ua haujlwm.
8. Kev tswj xyuas zoo thiab kev kuaj xyuas cov khoom siv
Cov hlau sib xyaw rau cov qauv tsev yuav tsum ua tau raws li qee cov qauv kev siv tshuab (piv txwv li, cov qauv kev sib xyaw, lub zog, thiab kev tawv). Cov txheej txheem zoo feem ntau suav nrog:
- Kev ntsuas tensile los txiav txim siab lub zog tensile, elongation thiab yield.
- Kev sim cuam tshuam (Charpy) los ntsuas qhov tawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov hlau ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub qis.
- Kev kuaj qhov nyuaj ua ib qho cim qhia txog cov khoom siv kho tshuab.
- Kev tshuaj xyuas tshuaj lom neeg kom paub tseeb tias cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke yog qhov tseeb.
– NDT (Kev Ntsuas Tsis Ua Rau Puas Tsuaj) xws li kev ntsuas ultrasonic, radiography, kev ntsuas cov khoom sib nqus, lossis kev ntsuas cov xim nkag mus rau hauv kom pom cov qhov tsis zoo sab hauv/qhov chaw.
- Kev kuaj xyuas qhov ntev thiab kev kam rau siab kom ntseeg tau tias cov profiles ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua.
Kev tswj xyuas zoo ua kom cov khoom siv muaj kev nyab xeeb siv, yooj yim rau vuam, thiab muaj kev ua tau zoo tas li los ntawm ib pawg mus rau ib pawg.
9. Tej teeb meem thiab kev taw qhia ntawm kev loj hlob
Kev lag luam hlau ua vaj tse tseem niaj hnub hloov zuj zus. Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb suav nrog:
- Kev sib npaug ntawm lub zog thiab weldability (lub zog siab feem ntau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev rhiab heev rau kev tawg weld yog tias tsis tsim kom zoo).
- Kev siv nyiaj tsim nyog vim tias qee cov khoom sib xyaw kim heev.
- Kev ruaj khov los ntawm kev siv rov qab ntau dua, kev siv hluav taws xob zoo dua thiab txo cov pa phem.
Cov lus qhia txog kev txhim kho suav nrog kev siv cov hlau HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) uas sib dua tab sis muaj zog dua, kev siv TMCP uas meej dua, thiab kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem EAF uas siv cov khib nyiab los txo cov pa roj carbon.
Xaus
Kev tsim cov hlau sib xyaw rau cov qauv tsev muaj ntau yam txheej txheem sib txuas: los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw, yaj thiab ua kom zoo, casting, thermomechanical forming, kev kho cua sov, mus rau kev tiv thaiv xeb thiab kev tswj xyuas zoo. Cov hlau sib xyaw uas tsim thiab ua tiav zoo tsim cov khoom siv muaj zog, ruaj khov, thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb uas tuaj yeem tiv taus cov khoom thauj thiab cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig tau ntau xyoo. Nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm cov thev naus laus zis metallurgical thiab cov kev xav tau nyuaj ntxiv ntawm cov tsev, kev nkag siab txog kev tsim cov hlau sib xyaw yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau qhov zoo thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm kev tsim kho yav tom ntej.
