Yuav Ua Li Cas Thiaj Ua Tau Cobalt Alloy Rau Turbo Engines
Cov hlau nplaum uas muaj cobalt yog cov khoom siv ua tau zoo rau cov khoom siv turbocharger - ob qho tib si tsheb turbochargers thiab roj turbines - vim lawv tiv taus qhov kub siab, oxidation, kub corrosion, thiab hnav. Hauv cov chaw turbocharger, cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tswj tau lub zog ntawm qhov kub siab, tiv taus cov voj voog cua sov-txias rov ua dua, thiab tseem ruaj khov microstructurally kom tiv taus kev tawg lossis kev puas tsuaj.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim cov hlau cobalt rau cov ntawv thov turbomachinery cuam tshuam ntau dua li tsuas yog "sib tov" cobalt nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus. Cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw, kev tswj hwm kev huv, cov txheej txheem yaj kom raug, kev tsim cov txheej txheem, kev kho cua sov, thiab kev sim zoo. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb thiab cov ntsiab cai koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov hlau cobalt uas haum rau cov khoom turbomachinery, nrog rau txoj hauv kev siv tshuab tab sis yooj yim nkag mus.
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1. Nkag siab txog cov khoom siv uas yuav tsum tau muaj rau lub cav turbo
Ua ntej tsim ib qho hlau sib xyaw, txiav txim siab seb cov khoom siv turbocharger xav tau dab tsi, xws li lub log turbine, lub nozzle guide vane, lub tsev, lossis cov khoom sib txhuam. Feem ntau, cov hlau cobalt raug xaiv vim tias:
1. Lub zog kub: tsis mos sai sai thaum kub ua haujlwm siab.
2. Kev tiv thaiv oxidation: tsis yooj yim tsim cov tawv nqaij uas ua rau puas tsuaj sai.
3. Kev tiv thaiv xeb kub: tseem ceeb thaum muaj cov sulfur, ntsev, lossis cov roj seem uas ua rau muaj kuab paug.
4. Kev tiv thaiv kev hnav: ntawm cov khoom uas muaj kev puas tsuaj lossis kev sib txhuam.
5. Kev ruaj khov ntawm cov qauv me me: txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tawg ntawm cua sov thiab qaug zog.
Hauv cov cav turbocharged, qhov kub thiab txias tuaj yeem siab heev, thiab kev hloov pauv kub sai tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thermal. Yog li ntawd, cov hlau alloys yuav tsum ruaj khov thiab muaj zog thoob plaws lub voj voog ua haujlwm.
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2. Txheeb xyuas hom cobalt alloy: "Co-Cr-W" lossis "Co-Ni-Cr" tsev neeg
Hauv kev lag luam, cov hlau cobalt feem ntau xa mus rau cov tsev neeg xws li Stellite (feem ntau Co-Cr-W-C) lossis Co-Ni-Cr cov kev hloov pauv uas sib npaug kev tiv thaiv corrosion thiab kev tawv.
- Chromium (Cr): ua rau oxidation thiab corrosion tsis kam ntawm qhov kub siab vim nws pab tsim ib txheej oxide tiv thaiv.
– Tungsten (W) / Molybdenum (Mo): ua rau lub zog ntawm qhov kub siab thiab kev tiv thaiv kev hnav, thiab ua kom cov tshuaj khov kho.
– Carbon (C): tsim cov carbides (piv txwv li M\_7C\_3, M\_23C\_6) uas ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kev hnav, tab sis yog tias ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom siv tawg yooj yim dua.
- Nickel (Ni): ua rau muaj kev tawv thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo, feem ntau siv los sib npaug cov khoom siv kho tshuab.
- Hlau (Fe): tuaj yeem zoo li tsis huv lossis pheej yig alloying element, tab sis cov theem siab dhau tuaj yeem txo qhov kev ua haujlwm kub siab.
Rau cov ntawv thov turbocharged kub heev, cov khoom sib xyaw feem ntau yog tsim los nrog kev tswj hwm nruj rau cov ntsiab lus uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib cais lossis txo qhov tsis kam oxidation. Ntxiv nrog rau cov khoom sib xyaw, kev huv huv kuj tseem ceeb heev: sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, thiab nitrogen yuav tsum tau tswj hwm vim tias lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev suav nrog lossis cov ciam teb noob brittleness.
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3. Kev npaj cov khoom siv raw thiab kev tswj kev huv si
Cov theem pib uas feem ntau txiav txim siab qhov zoo kawg yog kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw:
1. Cobalt ntshiab (ingot lossis cathode) ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb.
2. Ferrochrome los yog chromium ntshiab, nrog rau W/Mo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hlau los yog master alloy.
3. Cov pa roj carbon feem ntau yog ntxiv los ntawm cov hlau nplaum lossis cov khoom ntsuas los tswj cov ntsiab lus carbide.
4. Cov tshuaj Deoxidizers (piv txwv li qee yam khoom uas khi cov pa oxygen) siv tau raws li txoj kev ua haujlwm.
Txhua yam khoom siv yuav tsum tau ntsuas raws li qhov sib xyaw ua ke. Cov dej noo, xeb, lossis roj uas muaj nyob hauv cov khoom siv raw tuaj yeem ua rau cov pa roj thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntau ntxiv, uas yuav txo qhov kev tiv taus qaug zog ntawm cov khoom siv turbo.
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4. Txoj kev yaj: lub tshuab nqus tsev los yog ESR rau qhov zoo
Vim tias cov hlau cobalt rau cov turbochargers xav tau qhov zoo, cov txheej txheem smelting feem ntau siv cov thev naus laus zis uas muaj peev xwm tswj cov roj thiab cov khoom suav nrog.
a) Kev Siv Lub Tshuab Nqus Tsev (VIM)
Induction yaj hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev pab tau:
- txo cov pa oxygen thiab cov pa roj uas yaj,
- txo qhov muaj kuab paug,
- tsim cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke zoo dua.
Cov khoom siv maj mam nkag mus rau hauv lub crucible, yaj, tom qab ntawd cov ntsiab lus alloying raug ntxiv rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim kom lawv yaj tag nrho thiab tsis ua pa lossis oxidize.
b) Electro Slag Remelting (ESR) / Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR)
Rau cov khoom tseem ceeb, VIM ingots feem ntau raug ua raws li ESR lossis VAR rau:
- txo cov khoom uas tsis yog hlau,
- txhim kho cov qauv ntawm cov ingot,
- txo qhov kev sib cais.
ESR muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev rau kev txhim kho kev huv ntawm cov hlau, thaum VAR nrov rau cov hlau ua tau zoo uas xav tau kev sib npaug zoo heev.
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5. Casting thiab forming: los ntawm ingot mus rau Cheebtsam duab
Tom qab yaj, cov khoom siv yog tsim rau hauv cov duab xav tau ntawm ntau txoj kev:
a) Precision casting (kev nqis peev casting)
Haum rau cov qauv geometries nyuaj xws li cov hniav turbine me me lossis cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke. Nws cov txiaj ntsig:
- cov ntsiab lus siab heev,
- kev ua haujlwm tsawg kawg nkaus,
- kev ua haujlwm zoo.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev casting yuav tsum tau tswj hwm nruj heev kom tswj tau qhov porosity, shrinkage, thiab kev sib cais tsawg.
b) Forging lossis ua haujlwm kub
Yog tias cov khoom tso cai, forging tuaj yeem muab:
- cov qauv ntawm cov noob qoob loo denser,
- cov yam ntxwv qaug zog zoo dua,
- porosity qis dua li cov casting ib txwm muaj.
Qee cov hlau cobalt "nyuaj ua haujlwm" dua li cov hlau sib xyaw, yog li cov ntsuas kub ua haujlwm kub thiab tus nqi deformation yuav tsum raug kom tiv thaiv kev tawg kub.
c) Hmoov metallurgy / HIP (Kub Isostatic Pressing)
Rau cov kev xav tau siab heev (piv txwv li, qhov ceev yuav luag 100% thiab cov qauv me me), yuav zoo dua yog siv hmoov + HIP. Txoj kev no kim heev, tab sis nws txo qhov porosity sab hauv thiab txhim kho qhov sib xws ntawm cov khoom.
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6. Kev kho cua sov: ua kom lub microstructure ruaj khov thiab ua kom cov khoom zoo dua
Kev kho cua sov ntawm cov hlau cobalt lub hom phiaj yog tswj:
– kev faib tawm carbide,
- qhov loj ntawm cov noob,
- kev ntxhov siab seem,
- qhov sib npaug ntawm lub zog vs. kev tawv.
Feem ntau, cov kauj ruam yuav suav nrog:
1. Kev kho cov tshuaj kom yaj qee cov theem thiab ua kom cov qauv sib npaug.
2. Kev laus los ua cov precipitates / carbides tswj kom ua rau lub zog thiab qhov nyuaj.
3. Txo kev ntxhov siab kom txo tau kev ntxhov siab seem los ntawm kev casting, machining, lossis welding txheej txheem.
Qhov kub thiab lub sijhawm yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab raws li cov khoom sib xyaw tshwj xeeb, vim tias txhua lub hlau teb sib txawv rau kev kho cua sov.
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7. Kev siv tshuab, kev ua tiav thiab kev txheej (xaiv tau)
Cov hlau cobalt feem ntau nyuaj rau tshuab vim lawv tawv, yoog tau, thiab tiv taus cua sov. Cov tswv yim feem ntau suav nrog:
- siv cov cuab yeej tsim nyog (carbide lossis hom tshwj xeeb),
- kev tswj qhov ceev ntawm kev txias thiab kev txiav,
- txo qhov kev co.
Yuav kom ua rau lub neej ua haujlwm ntev dua hauv qhov chaw kub heev, cov khoom siv turbo qee zaum raug kho nrog cov txheej txheem oxidation / thermal-resistant (piv txwv li, thermal barrier coatings) lossis hardfacing hauv cov cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb. Daim ntawv thov txheej txheem yuav tsum xav txog kev sib xws ntawm cov coefficients nthuav dav thiab kev nplaum kom tiv thaiv kev tev tawm thaum lub sijhawm thermal cycling.
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8. Kev kuaj xyuas zoo: xyuas kom meej tias haum rau cov chaw turbo
Vim tias cov turbos ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav, kev kuaj xyuas zoo tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej. Kev kuaj xyuas ib txwm muaj xws li:
– Kev tshuaj xyuas tshuaj lom neeg (OES/XRF) kom paub tseeb tias muaj cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke.
- Kev kuaj microstructure (metallographic) los xyuas seb puas muaj carbides, porosity, segregation, thiab qhov loj ntawm cov noob.
- Kev ntsuam xyuas qhov nyuaj thiab tensile ntawm chav tsev kub thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, qhov kub siab.
- Kev kuaj mob qaug zog thiab qaug zog rau cov ntawv thov turbine siab heev.
- NDT (Kev Ntsuas Tsis Ua Rau Puas Tsuaj) xws li kev thaij duab hluav taws xob, ultrasonic, lossis kev nkag mus rau hauv kom pom cov qhov tsis zoo sab hauv/saum npoo.
Cov khoom siv turbo xav tau cov qib siab ntawm kev sib xws; txawm tias cov qhov tsis zoo me me tuaj yeem tsim ua kab nrib pleb thaum khiav ntawm qhov ceev ceev.
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9. Cov ntaub ntawv kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ua raws li kev cai lij choj hauv kev lag luam
Cobalt thiab qee yam ntawm nws cov khoom sib xyaw yuav tsum tau K3 kev saib xyuas:
– cov hmoov av cobalt los ntawm kev sib tsoo tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij yog tias nqus tau pa,
– cov txheej txheem smelting muaj kev pheej hmoo siab,
- Cov khib nyiab thiab slag yuav tsum tau tswj hwm raws li cov cai ib puag ncig.
Ntawm qhov ntsuas kev lag luam, kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw rau cov khoom siv turbo feem ntau ua raws li cov qauv zoo thiab cov txheej txheem tswj hwm (piv txwv li cov qauv khoom siv, NDT cov txheej txheem, cov lej cua sov nrhiav tau), vim tias kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ntseeg siab yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.
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Xaus
Kev tsim cov hlau cobalt rau turbomachinery yog ib qho txheej txheem uas muab kev tsim qauv sib xyaw thiab kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem hlau ua ke. Cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb suav nrog kev txiav txim siab qhov yuav tsum tau ua daim ntawv thov, kev tsim cov hlau (feem ntau yog Co-Cr raws li kev tswj hwm W/Mo, Ni, thiab C ntxiv), kev yaj zoo (VIM/ESR/VAR), kev tsim los ntawm kev casting/forging/HIP, kev kho cua sov kom ruaj khov cov qauv me me, thiab kev sim ua kom tiav kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom siv npaj txhij rau kev tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias heev.
Yog tias siv txoj kev zoo, cov hlau cobalt tuaj yeem muab kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo dua ntawm cua sov, oxidation, kub corrosion, thiab hnav tsis kam - ua rau lawv yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv turbo uas xav tau kev ntseeg siab mus sij hawm ntev.
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Yog tias koj xav tau, kuv tuaj yeem tsim cov qauv tshwj xeeb ntxiv rau cov turbochargers hauv tsheb (txawv qhov kub thiab txias) lossis cov roj turbines hauv kev lag luam, suav nrog cov piv txwv ntawm cov "kev taw qhia sib xyaw", cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tsim nyog tshaj plaws, thiab cov hom kev sim pom zoo rau txhua qhov khoom.
