Nā hana i hana ʻia ma nā kaʻina hana thermodynamics - nā pilikia a me nā hoʻonā

Nā hana i hana ʻia ma nā kaʻina hana thermodynamic - nā pilikia a me nā hoʻonā

1. Ua kaomi ʻia kahi kinoea kūpono mai ka mokuʻāina 1 a i ka mokuʻāina 2 e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka pakuhi ma lalo. E hoʻoholo i ka hana i hana ʻia e ke kinoea.

pāʻoihana

1 lita = 0.001 ^m3

ʻIke ʻia: Nā hana i hana ʻia ma nā kaʻina hana thermodynamic - nā pilikia a me nā hoʻonā 1

Kaomi 1 (P ₁ ) = 10 kPa = 10,000 Pa = 10,000 N/m ²

Kaomi 2 (P ₂ ) = 20 kPa = 20,000 Pa = 20,000 N/m ²

Ka nui 1 (V ₁ ) = 4 lita = 4 (0.001 m ³ ) = 0.004 m ³

Ka nui 2 (V ₂ ) = 10 lita = 10 (0.001 m ³ ) = 0.010 m ³

Makemake ʻia: Ka hana i hana ʻia e ke kinoea (W)

Lōlā:

W = P (V ₂ – V ₁ ) + 1/2 (P ₂ – P ₁ )(V ₂ – V ₁ )

W = 10,000 (0.010-0.004) + 1/2 (20,000-10,000)(0.010-0.004)

W = 10,000 (0.006) + 1/2 (10,000)(0.006)

W = 10 (6) + 1/2 (10)(6)

W = 60 + 1/2 (60)

W = 60 + 30

W = 90 Joule

2. E hoʻoholo i ka hana i hana ʻia e ke kinoea ma ke kaʻina hana abcda, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka pakuhi ma lalo.

ʻIke ʻia:

Kaomi 1 (P₁) = 1 x 10⁵ Pa = 1 x 10⁵ M / m²

Kaomi 2 (P ₂ ) = 3 x 10 ⁵ Pa = 3 x 10 ⁵ N/m ²

Ka nui 1 (V ₁ ) = 2 m ³

Ka nui 2 (V ₂ ) = 4 m ³

Makemake ʻia: Hana (W)

Lōlā:

ʻO ka hana i hana ʻia e ke kinoea = ka ʻāpana o ka huinahā abcd.

W = (P ₂ – P ₁ )(V ₂ – V ₁ )

W = (3 x 10 ⁵ – 1 x 10 ⁵ )(4 – 2)

W = (2 x 10 ⁵ )(2)

W = 4 x 10 ⁵ Joule

W = 400,000 Joule

W = 400 kJ

3. E hoʻoholo i ka hana i hana ʻia e ke kinoea ma ke kaʻina hana ABCA.

ʻIke ʻia:

Kaomi 1 (P₁) = 1 N/m²

Kaomi 2 (P ₂ ) = 7 N/m ²

Ka nui 1 (V ₁ ) = 1 m ³

Ka nui 2 (V ₂ ) = 5 m ³

Makemake ʻia: Hana (W)

Lōlā:

ʻO ka hana i hana ʻia e ke kinoea = ka ʻāpana o ka huinakolu ABC

W = ½ (P ₂ – P ₁ )(V ₂ – V ₁ )

W = ½ (7-1)(5-1)

W = ½ (6)(4)

W = ½ (24)

W = 12 Joule

He aha ka wehewehe ʻana o ka hana ma ka thermodynamics?
- pane mai: I loko o ka thermodynamics, ua wehewehe ʻia ka hana ma ke ʻano he hoʻoili ikehu i a i ʻole mai kahi ʻōnaehana ʻaʻole ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka mahana ma waena o ka ʻōnaehana a me kona wahi e puni ana.
Pehea e pili ai ka hana i ka kiʻikuhi pressure-volume (PV) o kahi kaʻina hana thermodynamic?
- pane mai: Ma kahi kiʻikuhi PV, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hana i hana ʻia e a i ʻole ma kahi ʻōnaehana i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana e ka wahi ma lalo o ke kūlou o ke kaʻina hana. No nā kaʻina hana e pili ana i nā kinoea, hāʻawi pinepine ʻia ka hana e ka integral o P dV, kahi ʻo P ke kaomi a ʻo dV ka loli ʻokoʻa o ka leo.
He aha ka hana i hana ʻia i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana isochoric?
- pane mai: Hana ʻia kahi kaʻina hana isochoric ma ka leo mau. No ka mea, ʻaʻohe loli o ka leo, ʻo ka hana i hana ʻia i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana isochoric he ʻole.
Pehea ka ʻokoʻa o ka hana i hana ʻia ma kahi hoʻonui isobaric (kaomi mau) mai ka hana i loko o kahi hoʻonui isothermal (mahana mau) o kahi kinoea kūpono?
- pane mai: I loko o ka hoʻonui isobaric, ua helu ʻia ka hana e like me $W = P \times Δ V$ , kahi ʻo P ke kaomi mau a me $Δ V$ ʻo ia ka loli o ka leo. No ka hoʻonui isothermal o kahi kinoea kūpono, hiki ke helu ʻia ka hana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoohalike $W = n RT ln (V ^{f/Vi})$ , kahi ʻo n ka helu o nā mole, ʻo R ke kūpaʻa kinoea honua, a $V_{f}$ a $V_{i}$ ʻo ia nā puke hope a me nā puke mua, kēlā me kēia.
He aha ke koʻikoʻi o ke kānāwai mua o ka thermodynamics e pili ana i ka hana a me ka ikehu?
- pane mai: ʻŌlelo ke kānāwai mua o ka thermodynamics ua like ka loli o ka ikehu kūloko o kahi ʻōnaehana me ka wela i hoʻohui ʻia i ka ʻōnaehana me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka hana i hana ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana ma kona wahi a puni. Hōʻike ia i ke kumumanaʻo mālama ikehu.
No ke kaʻina hana cyclic ma kahi kiʻikuhi PV, he aha ka mea e hōʻike ʻia ana e ka wahi i hoʻopuni ʻia?
- pane mai: No ke kaʻina hana cyclic ma kahi kiʻikuhi PV, hōʻike ka ʻāpana i hoʻopuni ʻia i ka hana upena i hana ʻia e a i ʻole ma ka ʻōnaehana i ka wā o hoʻokahi pōʻaiapuni.
Pehea ka ʻokoʻa o ka hana i hana ʻia ma ke kaʻina hana adiabatic mai ke kaʻina hana isothermal no ke kinoea kūpono?
- pane mai: I loko o ke kaʻina hana adiabatic, ʻaʻohe hoʻololi wela me nā mea a puni, no laila ʻo ka hana i hana ʻia e hopena i kahi loli o ka ikehu kūloko o ke kinoea. No ke kaʻina hana isothermal, e mau ana ka mahana, a ua kaulike ʻia kekahi hana i hana ʻia e ka nui like o ka hoʻoili wela, no laila ʻaʻohe loli o ka ikehu kūloko.
No ke aha e ʻokoʻa ai ka hana i hana ʻia ma ke kaʻina hana hiki ʻole ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia mai ke kaʻina hana hiki ʻole ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia ʻoiai inā like nā kūlana mua a me nā kūlana hope?
- pane mai: I loko o ke kaʻina hana hoʻohuli ʻia, aia kēlā me kēia kūlana waena ma waena o nā kūlana mua a me nā kūlana hope loa i ke kaulike. I loko o ke kaʻina hana hoʻohuli ʻole ʻia, ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia. Hiki i nā ala i lawe ʻia ma kahi kiʻikuhi PV, a pēlā ka hana i hana ʻia, ke ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā ʻano hana ʻelua, ʻoiai inā hoʻomaka a hoʻopau lākou ma nā wahi like.
Pehea ka hopena o ke ʻano kinoea kūpono ʻole (maoli) i nā helu hana i nā kaʻina hana thermodynamic?
- pane mai: No nā kinoea maoli, hiki i nā ʻokoʻa mai ke ʻano kūpono ke alakaʻi i nā ʻokoʻa i nā helu hana, ʻoiai ma nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā mahana haʻahaʻa. Pono paha e hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike Van der Waals a i ʻole nā kumu hoʻohālike kinoea maoli ʻē aʻe e helu ai no kēia mau ʻokoʻa.
He aha ke ʻano o ka hana ʻino ʻana o ka hana i hana ʻia ma kahi ʻōnaehana?

pane mai: Ke maikaʻi ʻole ka hana i hana ʻia ma kahi ʻōnaehana, ʻo ia hoʻi ke hana nei ka ʻōnaehana i ka hana ma kona wahi a puni. Pili pinepine kēia i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea e kūʻē i ke kaomi o waho.