Ka Mana Olaola o nā Mea ʻIno Mea Kanu
ʻO ke kāohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino olaola kahi ʻano hoʻokele no nā mea ʻino mea kanu (OPT) e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe e kāohi i nā heluna mea ʻino ma lalo o ka paepae o ka pohō waiwai. ʻAʻole e like me ke kāohi kemika, kahi e hilinaʻi nei i nā pesticides synthetic, hoʻoikaika ke kāohi olaola i ke kaulike o ka ʻōnaehana ola, ka hana mahiʻai hoʻomau, a me ka palekana o ka meaʻai a me ke kaiapuni. I loko o ke ʻano o ka mahiʻai hou, kahi e kū nei i nā pilikia o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pesticide, ka hōʻino ʻana o ka lepo, a me nā hopohopo e pili ana i nā koena i nā mea kanu, ʻo ke kāohi olaola kahi pou koʻikoʻi o ka Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
Nā manaʻo kumu a me nā pahuhopu o ka kaohi olaola
I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, hoʻohana ka kaohi olaola i nā pilina kūlohelohe "predator-prey" a i ʻole "host-pathogen" e hōʻemi i ke kaomi pest. ʻO ka pahuhopu hope loa ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopau loa i nā pest, akā, e mālama i nā heluna pest ma nā pae i ʻole e hōʻeha nui. I loko o kahi ʻōnaehana mahiʻai kaulike, hiki i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe e like me nā predators, parasitoids, a me nā pathogens pepeke ke kaohi kūlohelohe i ka ulu ʻana o nā pest. ʻO ka pilikia, ʻo ka ʻāina mahiʻai nui he ʻilihune pinepine i ka biodiversity, e hopena ana i ka emi ʻana o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe a me ka pahū ʻana o ka heluna pest. Ke ʻimi nei ka kaohi olaola e "hoʻihoʻi" i kēia hana hoʻoponopono kūlohelohe.
Nā ʻano o nā mea hoʻomalu olaola
Ma keʻano laulā, ua māhele ʻia nā mea hoʻomalu olaola i ʻekolu mau pūʻulu nui: nā mea ʻaihue, nā parasitoids, a me nā pathogens. Hana kēlā me kēia ma ke ʻano ʻokoʻa a kūpono i nā pahuhopu pest kikoʻī.
1. Mea ʻaihue
ʻO nā mea ʻaihue he mau meaola e ʻaihue pololei ana i nā mea ʻino. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau i nā mahiʻai e komo pū ana me nā lede beetles, e ʻai ana i nā aphids; nā nananana, nā ladybugs ʻaihue, a me nā dragonflies, e ʻaihue ana i nā pepeke liʻiliʻi. ʻAi pinepine nā mea ʻaihue i nā mea ʻino he nui i ko lākou ola. No laila, he kūpono nā mea ʻaihue i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā heluna nui o nā mea ʻino, ʻoiai hoʻi i nā pae nymph a i ʻole larval.
2. Nā Parasitoids
ʻO nā Parasitoids he mau pepeke liʻiliʻi maʻamau (pinepine mai ke kauoha Hymenoptera, e like me nā wasps parasitoid) e waiho ana i nā hua ma ke kino a i ʻole nā hua o nā mea ʻino. A laila ulu aʻe nā larvae parasitoid a hānai i ko lākou kikowaena a hiki i ka make ʻana o ka kikowaena. ʻO kahi laʻana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Trichogramma (he parasitoid hua manu) e kāohi i nā anuhe i loko o ka kulina, ka laiki, a i ʻole ke kō. Loaʻa i nā Parasitoids ka pono o ke kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe no nā mea ʻino i manaʻo ʻia, e palekana ai lākou no nā meaola ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia.
3. Nā mea hoʻomake pepeke (microbes)
ʻO kēia hui e komo pū ana me nā fungi, bacteria, virus, a me nā nematodes e hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā maʻi i nā mea ʻino. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kaulana ʻo ia ka bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), ka mea e hana ana i kahi toxin kūikawā no nā larvae Lepidoptera (nā anuhe), nā fungi entomopathogenic e like me Beauveria bassiana a me Metarhizium anisopliae, a me ka virus NPV (Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus) e kuhikuhi ana i kekahi mau ʻano anuhe. Hoʻomohala pinepine ʻia nā mea microbial i bioinsecticides no ka mea hiki ke hana ʻia a hoʻopili ʻia e like me nā pesticides, ʻoiai e noho aloha ana i ke kaiapuni.
Nā hoʻolālā hoʻokō kaohi olaola
I ka hana maoli, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka kaohi olaola ma o kekahi mau hoʻolālā nui:
1. Ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe
ʻO kēia ke ʻano "kūlohelohe" loa a ʻo ia ka hana mua pinepine. ʻO ke kumu, ʻo ia ka pale ʻana i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe i loaʻa mua i ke kula e hoʻopaʻa i ko lākou heluna kanaka. Hoʻokomo pū kēia me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides ākea, ke koho ʻana i nā pesticides koho i ka wā e pono ai, ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā wahi noho e like me ka refugia (nā mea kanu pua e hāʻawi ana i ka nectar a me ka pollen), a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole a puni ke kula. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka refugia i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i kekahi mau ʻōnaehana mahiʻai e like me nā pua nānālā, nā marigolds, a i ʻole nā mea kanu pua liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe e huki ana i nā parasitoids a me nā mea ʻaihue.
2. Hoʻonui (hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe)
Hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe ma o ka hoʻokuʻu nui ʻana. Hiki i nā hoʻokuʻu ke inoculative (nā helu liʻiliʻi e kūkulu i kahi heluna kanaka) a i ʻole inundative (nā helu nui no ka hopena wikiwiki). No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu pinepine ʻana o Trichogramma i nā mahina ʻai kulina e kāohi i nā mea hoʻomake pepeiao. I loko o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo no nā mea kanu māla, ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā ʻuku predatory a i ʻole nā beetles he hana maʻamau nō hoʻi.
3. Hoʻolauna (kuʻuna)
Hoʻohana ʻia kēia hoʻolālā ke komo kahi mea kolo i kahi wahi hou me ka ʻole o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe kūpono. Hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe mai ka wahi hānau o ka mea kolo ma hope o ka loiloi koʻikoʻi e pale aku i nā hopena kaiaola hou. Ua holomua kēia ʻano hana ma kekahi mau hihia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, akā koi ʻia ka noiʻi nui, nā lula koʻikoʻi, a me ka nānā mau ʻana.
Nā pono o ka kaohi olaola
He nui nā pono o ka kaohi olaola e kūpono ai no ka mahiʻai hoʻomau. ʻO ka mea mua, he haʻahaʻa ka pilikia o nā koena ʻino i nā mea kanu, no laila e kākoʻo ana i ka palekana meaʻai. ʻO ka lua, hiki i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe ke hoʻoulu hou a loaʻa nā hopena lōʻihi, ʻoiai inā mālama pono ʻia ka nohona. ʻO ke kolu, kōkua ka kaohi olaola i ka hoʻolohi ʻana i ka puka ʻana mai o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pest no ka mea ʻoi aku ka ʻokoʻa o kāna mau hana kaohi ma mua o nā pesticide hoʻokahi. ʻO ka hā, kākoʻo kēia ʻano hana i ke olakino o ka ʻōnaehana ola: ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka heluna o nā pollinators, nā meaola lepo, a me nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe.
Nā palena a me nā pilikia ma ke kahua
ʻOiai kona hoʻohiki ʻana, ʻaʻole nele nā pilikia i ka kaohi olaola. Hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia kona pono e ke aniau, ka makū, a me nā kūlana microclimatic. No ka laʻana, koi pinepine nā fungi entomopathogenic i nā pae makū kikoʻī no ka ulu ʻana o ka spore maikaʻi loa. Eia kekahi, hana lohi ka kaohi olaola ma mua o nā pesticides kemika, e koi ana i ka nānā mau ʻana a me nā hana pale. ʻO nā pilikia ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea olaola maikaʻi, nā ʻano noi kūpono, a me ka ʻike o ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka ʻike ʻana i nā pest a me nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe. Inā hoʻohana mau ʻia nā pesticides me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia, hiki i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe ke make, a hiki i nā papahana kaohi olaola ke hāʻule.
Hoʻohui ʻia i ka Hoʻokele Pest Hoʻohui ʻia (IPM)
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea olaola ke hui pū ʻia me nā ʻāpana IPM ʻē aʻe. Ma ka IPM, nānā nā mahiʻai i nā heluna pest, hoʻokumu i nā paepae kaohi, a koho i ka hui pū ʻana o nā ʻano hana: moʻomeheu (hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu, hoʻomaʻemaʻe kahua, nā ʻano kū i ke ʻano), mechanical (hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ʻohi lima), biological (nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe), a me ke kemika (ma ke ʻano he koho hope loa a koho). He mea nui kēia hoʻohui ʻana no ka mea he mau pono a me nā hemahema kēlā me kēia ʻano hana. Ke hoʻopili pū ʻia, emi ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā pesticides a ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka ʻōnaehana mahiʻai.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā noi maʻalahi e hiki i nā mahiʻai ke hana
ʻO kekahi mau hana kūpono i ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia e kākoʻo i ka kaohi olaola: ke kanu ʻana i nā puʻuhonua ma nā ʻaoʻao a i ʻole nā lihi o nā mahina ʻai, ka pale ʻana i ka pīpī ʻana i nā pesticide i nā wā mua i ka wā e hana ana nā mea ʻaihue a me nā parasitoids, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā bioinsecticides (e.g., nā mea i loaʻa iā Bacillus thuringiensis a i ʻole Beauveria) ma ka nui kūpono a me ka manawa hoʻopili, a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kahua i maʻemaʻe mai nā ʻōpala mea kanu e hiki ke lilo i wahi hānau no nā mea ʻino. He mea nui ka nānā mau ʻana—no ka laʻana, ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻaoʻao lalo o nā lau no nā hua a me nā nymphs, a i ʻole ke ana ʻana i ka ikaika o ka hoʻouka ʻana ma kekahi mau laʻana mea kanu e hoʻoholo ai i ka hana e pono ai.
Pani
ʻO ka kaohi olaola o nā mea ʻino i nā mea kanu he hopena koʻikoʻi nui ia e hoʻokō ai i nā koi o ka mahiʻai huahua a me ke kaiapuni. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻaihue pepeke, nā parasitoids, a me nā pathogens, hiki i nā mahiʻai ke kāohi kūlohelohe i nā heluna pest, hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticide, a mālama i kahi ʻōnaehana mahiʻai kaulike. Hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka holomua o ka kaohi olaola e ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ka nānā ʻana i ke kahua, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana me nā hana IPM ʻē aʻe. Ke hoʻopili mau ʻia, ʻaʻole kōkua wale ka kaohi olaola i ka mālama ʻana i nā hua o nā mea kanu akā kākoʻo pū i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka mahiʻai no nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.
