Ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻino o nā mea kanu mahiʻai
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻino mahiʻai kahi hana mua koʻikoʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka huahua a me ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu. Nui nā mahiʻai e ʻike nei i nā pohō ʻaʻole wale ma muli o ka nui o nā mea ʻino, akā ma muli hoʻi o ka lohi o ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o nā mea ʻino a me kona mau hōʻailona. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mea ʻino nā ʻano like ʻole, nā ʻano, a me nā ala e hōʻino ai i nā mea kanu. No laila, ʻo ka hiki ke ʻike pololei i nā mea ʻino e kōkua i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā ʻano kaohi kūpono loa, kūpono, a me ke kaiapuni. Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i ka wehewehe ʻana o nā mea ʻino, ko lākou mau kumu, pehea e ʻike ai iā lākou ma muli o nā hōʻailona, a me kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o nā mea ʻino koʻikoʻi i nā mea kanu mahiʻai.
Ke Hoʻomaopopo nei i nā Mea ʻIno a me ko lākou Hopena ma ka Mahiʻai
ʻO nā mea ʻino he mau meaola ia—ʻo ka maʻamau he mau pepeke, he ʻuku liʻiliʻi, he nematode, a he mau holoholona liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe—e hōʻino ana i nā mea kanu, e hōʻemi ana i ka hua a me ka maikaʻi. Hiki i nā mea ʻino ke hoʻouka i nā mea kanu mai ke kahua kanu, ma o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, ka pua ʻana, a ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana. ʻOkoʻa ko lākou hopena, mai nā lau puka, nā kumu haki, nā mea kanu palupalu, ka hāʻule ʻana o ka pua, nā hua kīnā, a me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka mea kanu.
ʻO ka pohō ʻana o nā mea ʻino ʻaʻole wale ka nalowale ʻana o ka hana akā ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā kumukūʻai mālama, ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā pesticide, a me ka pilikia o nā koena kemika i nā mea kanu. No laila, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ia o ka manaʻo Integrated Pest Management (IPM), kahi ʻano kaohi e hoʻokau mua i ka pale ʻana a me ka hana e pili ana i nā nānā ʻana ma ke kahua.
Nā kumu e hoʻoulu ai i ka puka ʻana mai o nā mea ʻino
ʻAʻole he hanana hoʻokahi ka puka ʻana mai o nā mea ʻino i ka ʻāina mahiʻai, akā ua hoʻohuli ʻia e nā kumu he nui. ʻO kekahi o nā kumu nui, ʻo ia ka loli o ke aniau, e like me ka mahana a me ka makū, ka mea e kōkua ai i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā pepeke. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā ʻano mahiʻai like ʻole (monoculture) ke hoʻolalelale i ka pahū ʻana o ka heluna kanaka pest ma muli o ka loaʻa mau ʻana o ka meaʻai.
Hiki i ka hoʻohana pono ʻole ʻana i nā pesticides ke hoʻoulu i nā pilikia hou. ʻO ka pīpī pinepine ʻana me ka mea hana like hiki ke alakaʻi i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pest, e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā pests a paʻakikī ke kāohi. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā pesticides ke pepehi i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe e like me nā parasitoids a me nā predators, e hoʻonui ai i ka heluna pest.
ʻO nā kūlana ʻāina i mālama pono ʻole ʻia, e like me ka nui o nā nāhelehele, nā koena mea kanu i koe, a i ʻole ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻole o ka māla, hāʻawi pū kekahi i kahi malu a me nā wahi hānau no nā mea ʻino. No laila, pono e hele pū ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻino me ka ʻike piha ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana mahiʻai.
Nā Kumumanaʻo Kumu o ka ʻIke ʻana i nā Mea ʻIno
Hiki ke hana ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻino me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua mau ala nui: ka nānā pololei ʻana i ke kumu o ka meaola a me ka nānā ʻana i nā hōʻailona o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā mea kanu. I ka hana maoli, ʻike pinepine nā mahiʻai i nā hōʻailona me ka wikiwiki a laila huli i ke kumu. ʻO nā loina kumu o ka ʻike ʻana:
1. E nānā i ka ʻāpana o ka mea kanu i hoʻouka ʻia: inā paha he lau, he kumu, he aʻa, he pua a he hua paha.
2. E ʻike i ke ʻano o ka pōʻino: nā nahu, nā puka, ka omo wai, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, a i ʻole nā mea luku aʻa.
3. E nānā i ka manawa o ka hoʻouka ʻana: kakahiaka, awakea, ahiahi, a i ʻole kekahi pae o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu.
4. E nānā i ke alo o nā mea ʻino: ma luna o ka ʻili o nā lau, ma lalo o nā lau, ma ke kumu o ke kumu, ma ka lepo, a i ʻole ma nā ʻiʻo o ka mea kanu.
5. E hoʻopaʻa i ke ʻano hoʻolaha: e pālahalaha like, ma nā hui, a i ʻole ma kekahi mau wahi wale nō.
Pono e hana ʻia nā nānā ʻana ma ke ʻano maʻamau, e laʻa me ʻelua manawa i ka pule, ʻoiai i ka wā ʻōpiopio o nā mea kanu a i ʻole ke kākoʻo nei ke ʻano o ka wā i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ʻino.
Ka ʻIke ʻana ma muli o nā Hōʻailona Poino
Hiki i nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā pest ke lilo i hōʻailona mua kūpono. Eia kekahi o nā ʻano hōʻailona nui:
1. He mau lua ko nā lau a ua hōʻino ʻia nā kihi o nā lau
ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo kēia mau hōʻailona ke kumu o nā mea ʻino ʻai lau e like me nā anuhe a me nā ʻūhini. Hiki i nā lua ke liʻiliʻi a nui paha ma muli o ke ʻano o ka mea ʻino. Inā ʻano ʻē nā lua a he lepo anuhe a puni ka mea kanu, ʻo nā ʻenuhe (nā anuhe) paha ke kumu.
2. Huli nā lau i ka melemele, ʻōwili, a mae paha
ʻIke pinepine ʻia kēia mau hōʻailona ma muli o nā pepeke omo wai e like me nā aphids, nā mealybugs, a i ʻole nā thrips. ʻO ka omo wai ke kumu o ka nele o nā meaʻai i loko o ka mea kanu, e hoʻopilikia ai i nā lau. I kekahi manawa ʻike ʻia kahi uhi pipili (honeydew), ka mea e paipai ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpala sooty ʻeleʻele.
3. Kumu hakahaka a hua paha
ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo nā lua i loko o nā kumu a i ʻole nā hua i hana ʻia e nā mea ʻino borer. Hoʻokomo pinepine kēia mau mea ʻino i loko o nā ʻiʻo mea kanu, e paʻakikī ai ke ʻike. Hiki i nā hōʻailona ke komo pū me ka pollen borer, nā lua komo, a i ʻole ka mae koke ʻana o nā ʻāpana mea kanu.
4. Maʻalili nā mea kanu ʻoiai ua lawa ka wai
Inā ʻike ʻia ua mae ka mea kanu ʻoiai ua lawa ka makū o ka lepo, he hoʻouka kaua aʻa paha ia. Hiki i nā mea ʻino lepo e like me nā wireworms a i ʻole nā nematodes ke hōʻino i nā aʻa, e hoʻopilikia ana i ka omo ʻana o ka wai. ʻO nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe e komo pū me ka pala o ke aʻa a i ʻole ke ʻano o nā puʻupuʻu ma nā aʻa (ʻo ia hoʻi nā nematodes knot root).
5. Nā kiko a me ka hōʻino ʻana i nā pua a i ʻole nā hua ʻōpio
Hoʻopilikia pinepine nā thrips a me nā nalo hua i nā ʻāpana hānau. Hoʻokumu nā thrips i nā kiko kālā a me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka pua, ʻoiai ʻo nā nalo hua e hoʻoulu ai i ka pala o nā hua i loko a loaʻa pinepine ʻia i nā ilo.
Nā Laʻana o nā Mea ʻIno Koʻikoʻi i nā Mea Kanu Mahiʻai
1. ʻEleʻa Koa (Spodoptera litura)
He mau mea ʻino polyphagous nā ilo koa e hoʻouka ana i nā mea kanu like ʻole e like me ka soybeans, nā pepa chili, ka kulina, a me nā mea kanu. ʻO kā lākou mau hōʻailona e komo pū me nā lua koʻikoʻi i loko o nā lau, e waiho wale ana i nā aʻa. Hana nā anuhe i ka pō, e peʻe ana i loko o ka lepo a i ʻole ma lalo o nā lau i ke ao. Loaʻa pinepine nā hua i loko o nā puʻupuʻu a uhi ʻia i nā lauoho lahilahi.
2. Nā ʻApi (Aphis spp.)
Hoʻouka nā aphid ma ka omo ʻana i ka wai mai nā wana ʻōpio a me nā lau. ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻouka ʻana e komo pū me nā lau ʻōwili, ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu, a me ke ʻano o ka meli, ka mea e huki ai i nā ʻanuʻu. Hana pū nā aphid ma ke ʻano he mea lawe no nā maʻi mea kanu, no laila hiki i ko lākou hopena ke ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka hōʻino kino.
3. Nā Thrips (Thrips parvispinus a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe)
He liʻiliʻi nā thrips a peʻe pinepine lākou i loko o nā pua a i ʻole nā ʻāpana lau. ʻO kā lākou hoʻouka ʻana ke kumu o nā lau ʻāhinahina, nā kiko, a me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka pua. I loko o nā pepa chili, hiki i ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā thrips ke hōʻemi i ka maikaʻi o ka hua ma ka hana ʻana i nā ʻili ʻino a puʻupuʻu.
4. Nā mea hoʻopōʻino kumu (no ka laʻana ma ka laiki a me ka kulina)
I ka laiki, hiki i nā ʻōpuʻu kumu ke hana i nā hōʻailona e like me "sundep" (nā ʻōpuʻu make i ka wā kanu) a me "beluk" (nā panicles keʻokeʻo i ka wā hānau). I ka kulina, hoʻouka nā ʻōpuʻu i nā kumu a me nā cobs, e kāohi ana i ka hoʻopiha ʻana o ka palaoa. Hana ʻia ka ʻike ʻana ma ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lua a me nā larvae i loko o nā kumu a i ʻole nā kumu lau.
5. Nā nalo hua (Bactrocera spp.)
He pilikia nui nā nalo huaʻai no nā mea kanu huaʻai a me nā mea kanu e like me nā mango, nā guavas, nā tōmato, a me nā chili. Hoʻomoe nā wahine i nā hua i loko o ka hua, a laila ʻai nā larvae i ka ʻiʻo. ʻO nā hōʻailona e komo pū me nā kiko puka liʻiliʻi, ka melemele mua, ka pala, a me ka hāʻule mua ʻana o ka hua.
Nā Mea Hana a me nā ʻAno Hana no ke Kākoʻo ʻana i ka ʻIke ʻana ma ke Kahua
No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pololei o ka ʻike ʻana, hiki i nā mahiʻai ke hoʻohana i nā mea hana maʻalahi e like me ke aniani hoʻonui e nānā i nā pepeke liʻiliʻi, nā pahele melemele e nānā i nā pepeke lele, a me nā pahele pheromone no nā mea ʻino e like me nā pulelehua anuhe. Hiki i nā puke alakaʻi kiʻi a i ʻole nā polokalamu ʻike ke kōkua, ʻoiai inā hoʻokomo lākou i nā kiʻi o nā hōʻailona o ka pest a me kona ʻano ma kēlā me kēia pae ola (hua manu, larva/nymph, pupa, makua).
Eia kekahi, he mea nui e hoʻopaʻa i nā mea i nānā ʻia: ka lā, ka makahiki o ka mea kanu, ke ʻano o nā hōʻailona, ka helu o nā mea ʻino i loaʻa, a me nā kūlana o ke aniau. He mea pono kēia ʻikepili no ka wānana ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻouka kaua i ke kau aʻe.
Pani
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻino mahiʻai he mākaukau koʻikoʻi ia i ka mahiʻai hou, e kālele ana i ka pono a me ke kūpaʻa. Ma ka ʻike pololei ʻana i nā ʻano mea ʻino a me ko lākou mau hōʻailona, hiki i nā mahiʻai ke hoʻoholo i nā hana kaohi kūpono, hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā pesticide, a mālama i kahi ʻōnaehana ʻāina kaulike. ʻO ka nānā mau ʻana, ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano pōʻino, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana maʻalahi e kōkua i ke kaʻina hana ʻike e ʻoi aku ka pololei. I ka hopena, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻino kūleʻa ʻaʻole ia e pale wale i nā mea kanu akā kākoʻo pū i ka palekana meaʻai a me ka pono o ka mahiʻai.
