Phytopathology o nā mea kanu meaʻai
ʻO ka phytopathology mea kanu meaʻai kahi lālā o ka ʻepekema e aʻo ana i nā maʻi i nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai, e like me ka laiki, ka kulina, ka soybeans, ka palaoa, ka cassava, a me nā legumes like ʻole. Ma ke ʻano o ka palekana meaʻai, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka phytopathology no ka mea hiki i nā maʻi mea kanu ke hōʻemi i nā hua a me ka maikaʻi o ka huahana, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kumukūʻai hana. Ma nā wahi mahiʻai he nui, ʻo nā pohō ma muli o ka maʻi e pili ana ʻaʻole i nā mahiʻai wale nō akā i ke kaulahao lako meaʻai aupuni - mai ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waihona a hiki i nā kumukūʻai mākeke.
Ka Wehewehena a me ka Laulā o ka Phytopathology
I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, loaʻa ka phytopathology mai nā huaʻōlelo "phyton" (mea kanu), "pathos" (maʻi), a me "logos" (ʻepekema). ʻO ke ʻano o kēia, ʻo ka phytopathology ka ʻepekema e aʻo ana i nā kumu o nā maʻi mea kanu, pehea lākou e ulu ai, a me nā hoʻolālā no ka pale ʻana a me ka kaohi ʻana iā lākou. ʻOi aku ka laulā o ka phytopathology ma mua o ka ʻike ʻana i ka pathogen e hoʻopuni i nā pilina paʻakikī ma waena o ka mea kanu kikowaena, ka pathogen, a me ke kaiapuni—i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka triangle maʻi.
Ua wehewehe ka huinakolu maʻi e hiki mai ana ka maʻi ke hui ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻekolu: (1) kahi mea kanu hoʻokipa palupalu, (2) kahi pathogen virulent, a me (3) kahi kaiapuni maikaʻi. No ka laʻana, ʻo nā ʻano laiki i maʻalahi i ka pala lau bacteria e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi i ka maʻi ke kiʻekiʻe ka makū a nui ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka naikokene, no ka mea, ʻo kēia mau kūlana e kākoʻo i ka ulu ʻana o ka pathogen.
Nā kumu o ka maʻi i nā mea kanu meaʻai
Hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia nā maʻi i nā mea kanu meaʻai e nā mea biotic a me nā abiotic. ʻO nā mea biotic nā meaola ola e hoʻouka i nā mea kanu, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea abiotic e kumu mai ana mai nā kūlana kaiapuni a i ʻole nā hewa mahiʻai.
1. Nā mea hoʻomake olaola
- Fungi: Hoʻoulu i nā maʻi e like me ka pahū ʻana o ka laiki, ka ʻūlū soybean, ka pala o ke kumu, a me ka anthracnose i nā waiwai like ʻole.
– Bacteria: No ka laʻana, ka pala lau bacteria i ka laiki a me ka mae bacteria i kekahi mau mea kanu meaʻai.
– Nā maʻi virus: Hoʻoulu i nā hōʻailona mosaic, stunted, a i ʻole chlorosis; hoʻolaha pinepine ʻia e nā mea lawe pepeke e like me nā aphids a me nā leafhoppers.
– Nā Nematode: Nā ilo microscopic e hoʻouka i nā aʻa, e hana ana i nā puʻupuʻu aʻa a i ʻole ka emi ʻana o ke aʻa.
– Phytoplasma: Nā microorganisms like bacteria e noho ana i loko o nā ʻiʻo phloem a pinepine ke kumu o nā hōʻailona stunting.
2. Nā haunaele abiotic
– Ka nele a i ʻole ka nui o nā meaʻai.
– Ka ʻawahia o ka lepo (e.g. Fe a i ʻole Al i loko o ka lepo ʻakika).
– Ka maloʻo, nā waikahe, nā mahana koʻikoʻi.
– Ka pili pono ʻole ʻana i nā pesticides a i ʻole nā mea kanu lāʻau.
– ʻAʻole kūpono ka paʻakai a me ka pH o ka lepo.
Hoʻohālikelike pinepine nā maʻi abiotic me nā maʻi biotic, no laila he mea nui ka ʻike pololei e pale aku ai i nā hana kaohi hewa.
Nā Hōʻailona Maʻi a me ka Hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kahua
ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi he mau loli i loko o kahi mea kanu i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka maʻi a i ʻole ka haunaele. I nā mea kanu meaʻai, ʻo nā hōʻailona maʻamau e komo pū me nā kiko lau, ka pala (ka maloʻo ʻana o nā lau mai nā wēlau a i ʻole nā liʻiliʻi), ka pala o ke aʻa, ka haki ʻana o ke kumu, ka mae ʻana, ka stunting, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻiʻo (chlorosis a i ʻole necrosis). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa nā hōʻailona wale nō e ʻike i ke kumu o ka pathogen. Hoʻoikaika ka phytopathology hou i kahi hōʻailona i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka hui pū ʻana: ka nānā ʻana i nā hōʻailona, nā māka pathogen (e.g., nā spores fungal), ka mōʻaukala kahua, nā ʻano hoʻolaha maʻi, a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka hale hana, inā pono.
Eia kekahi laʻana, hiki ke hana ʻia nā kiko lau e nā fungi, bacteria, a i ʻole nā hemahema o nā meaʻai. Loaʻa pinepine nā palena ʻoi o nā kiko fungal a i kekahi manawa loaʻa ka mycelium a i ʻole nā spores, ʻoiai hiki i nā kiko bacteria ke ʻike ʻia ua pulu i ka wai a pālahalaha maʻalahi i ka makū kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā hemahema o nā meaʻai e hōʻike pinepine i kahi ʻano like a kaulike ma ke kula, ma mua o kahi hoʻolaha focal.
Nā Laʻana o nā Maʻi Nui i nā Meaʻai Meaʻai
ʻO kekahi mau maʻi koʻikoʻi o nā mea kanu meaʻai ma nā wahi tropical a me subtropical:
- Ka pahū ʻana o ka laiki (fungus): Hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā kiko ʻano daimana ma nā lau, hiki ke hoʻouka i ka ʻāʻī o ka panicle a hōʻemi nui i ka hua.
– ʻO ka palapū lau bacteria o ka laiki (bacteria): Hoʻoulu i nā hōʻailona o ka melemele a laila maloʻo nā lau, laha koke i ka wā ua.
– Ka ʻōpala kulina (maʻi ʻōnaehana): Hoʻolilo i nā lau kulina i keʻokeʻo/melemele me ka ulu ʻole.
– ʻŌhū soya (fungus): Hōʻike ʻia e nā pustules ma ka ʻili o ka lau e hāʻule ai nā lau i ka wā ʻōpiopio.
– Maʻi Mosaic (virus): Hoʻoulu i kahi ʻano kaha ʻōmaʻomaʻo-melemele ma nā lau, ulu palupalu, a me ka emi ʻana o ka hua.
Hiki i kēia mau maʻi ke hoʻoweliweli nui i ka wā e kanu nui ʻia ai nā ʻano maʻalahi me ka ʻole o ka mālama pono ʻana.
ʻEpidemiology: Pehea e laha ai nā maʻi
Hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ka epidemiology maʻi mea kanu i nā ʻano a me nā dinamika o ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi i loko o kahi heluna mea kanu. Hiki i nā pathogens ke laha ma o nā hua, ka lepo, nā koena mea kanu, ka wai hoʻoinu wai, nā mea hana mahiʻai, ka makani, a me nā mea lawe pepeke. I loko o nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ikaika, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua maikaʻi ʻole a me ka hoʻololi liʻiliʻi o ka mea kanu e hoʻonui pinepine i ke kumu inoculum.
He kuleana ko ke aniau liʻiliʻi i loko o ka uhi o nā mea kanu. ʻO nā mea kanu i kanu nui ʻia a hui pū ʻia e hopena i ka holo ʻana o ka ea maikaʻi ʻole a me ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe, kahi e kōkua ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpala. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka hoʻoulu nui ʻana o ka naikokene hiki ke hoʻolilo i nā ʻiʻo mea kanu i "succulent" a maʻalahi i ka hoʻouka ʻia e kekahi mau pathogens.
Hoʻolālā Mana: He ʻAno Hoʻohuihui
ʻO ke kaohi kūpono loa o nā maʻi mea kanu meaʻai e hoʻokō ʻia ma o ka Integrated Pest Management (IPM), a i ʻole ma ke ʻano o ka maʻi, ka hoʻokele maʻi i hoʻohui ʻia. ʻO ke kī, ʻo ia ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole, ʻaʻole e hilinaʻi i hoʻokahi ala.
1. Hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano kūpaʻa
ʻO nā ʻano kūpaʻa ka hoʻolālā waiwai loa a pili i ke kaiapuni. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke haki ke kūpaʻa inā ulu nā pathogens. No laila, he mea nui ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole ma ke kula.
2. Nā hua olakino a me ka mālama ʻana i nā hua
ʻO ka palapala hōʻoia o nā hua, ka mālama ʻana i nā hua me ka fungicide a i ʻole nā mea olaola, a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā hale hānai hiki ke hōʻoki i ke kumu o ka maʻi mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana.
3. Ka mahi ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu, ka mahi ʻana i ka lepo kūpono, ka mamao kanu kūpono, ka mālama wai, a me ka luku ʻana i nā koena mea kanu maʻi he mau hana nui ia e kāohi ai i ka inoculum.
4. Kaohi olaola
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā microorganism antagonistic e like me Trichoderma a i ʻole Bacillus hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā pathogens i lawe ʻia e ka lepo. ʻOiai e ʻokoʻa nā hopena ma muli o nā kūlana o ke kahua, ʻoi aku ka pili o kēia ʻano hana no ka mahiʻai hoʻomau.
5. Kaohi kemika akamai
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā fungicides a i ʻole bactericides ke hala ka paepae pōʻino waiwai. ʻO nā kumumanaʻo koʻikoʻi ke ʻano pololei, ka nui kūpono, ka manawa kūpono, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea hana e pale aku ai i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pathogen.
6. Nānā ʻana a me ka ʻōlelo aʻo mua
ʻO ka nānā mau ʻana, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ikaika o nā hoʻouka kaua, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻike o ke aniau e hiki ke kōkua i nā mahiʻai e hana koke ma mua o ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi.
Nā Pilikia a me nā Hoʻomohala ʻana i ka Phytopathology
Ke kū nei ka phytopathology o nā mea kanu meaʻai i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi i ka wā o ka loli o ke aniau. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ua a me nā ʻano mahana e alakaʻi i nā maʻi hou a hoʻonui paha i ka laulā o nā pathogens. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai monoculture nui e hoʻonui i ka pilikia o nā maʻi ahulau ma muli o ka like ʻana o nā heluna mea kanu a me ko lākou hiki ke maʻalahi.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ke wehe nei nā holomua ʻenehana i nā manawa kūpono hou. Hiki i nā diagnostics molecular ke ʻike wikiwiki a pololei i nā pathogen. Hiki i nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai kikoʻī, nā mea ʻike kahua, a me ke kumu hoʻohālike maʻi ke kōkua i nā hoʻoholo kaohi. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ka laulima ʻana ma waena o nā mea noiʻi, nā limahana hoʻonui, a me nā mahiʻai ke kī i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hopena maoli o nā hana hou phytopathology i ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai.
Pani
ʻAʻole wale ka phytopathology o nā mea kanu meaʻai ke aʻo ʻana i nā pathogens, akā he ʻepekema e kau ana i nā maʻi mea kanu i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hana holoʻokoʻa. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kumu, nā hōʻailona, nā ala hoʻoili, a me nā hoʻolālā kaohi o nā maʻi, hiki iā mākou ke pale i nā mea kanu meaʻai mai ka pohō nui o ka hua. ʻO ka hoʻokele maʻi i hoʻohui ʻia e hoʻonohonoho mua i nā ʻano kūʻē, ka mahiʻai olakino, a me ka hoʻohana naʻauao i nā pesticides he ʻanuʻu maoli ia i ka mahiʻai huahua, palekana, a hoʻomau. Ke kū nei i nā pilikia o ke aniau e loli nei a me nā dinamika pathogen, e mau ana ka phytopathology i kumu koʻikoʻi no ka palekana meaʻai i kēia manawa a i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
