ʻO ka Virology Mea kanu Hou
ʻO ka virology mea kanu o kēia wā ka lālā o ka ʻepekema e aʻo ana i nā virus e hoʻopilikia i nā mea kanu, ko lākou ʻano o ka laha ʻana, kā lākou pilina me ko lākou mau kikowaena, a me nā hoʻolālā kaohi kūpono a hoʻomau. I ke au o ka mahiʻai nui, ka loli o ke aniau, a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea kanu ma nā wahi like ʻole, he hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi nā maʻi viral i nā mea kanu no ka mea pinepine lākou e hoʻolilo i nā pohō nui, paʻakikī ke mālama ʻia ke loaʻa ka maʻi, a ʻo kā lākou mau hōʻailona e like me ka nele o nā meaʻai a i ʻole ke kaumaha o ke kaiapuni. ʻO ka holomua i ka biology molecular, genomics, a me nā ʻenehana diagnostic wikiwiki ua hoʻololi i ka virology mea kanu mai ka ʻike wale ʻana i nā hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano maʻi a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā hoʻolālā hoʻokele maʻi kikoʻī.
Nā virus mea kanu a me ko lākou ʻano kū hoʻokahi
ʻO nā virus mea kanu ma ke ʻano maʻamau he mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e lawe ana i nā mea genetic ma ke ʻano o RNA a i ʻole DNA, i hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi capsid protein, a ma kekahi mau ʻano, he envelope hou aʻe. ʻAʻole like me ka fungi a i ʻole bacteria, ʻaʻole hiki i nā virus ke hana hou me ka ʻole o kahi cell host. Ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ka ʻiʻo mea kanu, "hijacks" ka virus i ka mīkini cellular e hana hou i kāna genome a hana i nā ʻāpana viral hou. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona kū hoʻokahi o nā virus mea kanu ʻo ko lākou hiki ke neʻe ma waena o nā cell ma o plasmodesmata—nā kahawai liʻiliʻi e hoʻopili ana i nā cell—a laha ma ke ʻano ʻōnaehana ma o ka phloem. No laila, hiki i kahi kiko hoʻokahi o ka maʻi ma ka lau ke ulu i loko o kahi maʻi mea kanu piha i ka manawa pōkole.
He hui like ʻole nā virus mea kanu. He nui nā genomes RNA kaula hoʻokahi, e like me Potyviruses (e.g., nā virus mosaic o nā mea kanu like ʻole) a i ʻole Tobamoviruses (ʻo kahi laʻana maʻamau ʻo Tobacco mosaic virus/TMV). Aia pū kekahi mau virus DNA, e like me Geminivirus, ka mea e hoʻoulu pinepine ai i ka lau ʻōwili a he pilikia nui ia i nā tōmato, nā pepa chili, a me ka pulupulu ma nā wahi tropical. Hoʻopili kēia ʻano like ʻole i nā ʻano hoʻoili, ke kūpaʻa o ka virus i ke kaiapuni, a me nā hoʻolālā kaohi.
Nā hōʻailona a me ko lākou hopena i ka hana ʻana
Hiki i nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi virus mea kanu ke komo pū me ka mosaic (nā kiko ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā-ʻeleʻele), chlorosis, mottling, lau curly, stunting, necrosis, apo kiko, a me ke ʻano hua. I kekahi mau hihia, ʻaʻole hana nā maʻi viral i nā hōʻailona maopopo (latent) akā hōʻemi mau i ka hua a i ʻole ka maikaʻi. Hiki ke koʻikoʻi ka hopena: emi ke kaumaha o ka hua, ka nui o ka ʻōmole, ka maikaʻi o ka fiber, a me ka emi ʻana o ke ola papa. I nā mea kanu māla waiwai nui e like me nā chili, nā tōmato, nā kukama, nā maiʻa, a i ʻole nā ʻokikena, ʻaʻole wale nā pohō waiwai ma muli o ka nui o ka ʻohi ʻana akā i ka hōʻole ʻia ʻana o ka mākeke ma muli o ke ʻano maikaʻi ʻole.
ʻO kahi pilikia nui me nā maʻi viral ka nele o kahi "lāʻau lapaʻau" hiki ke pepehi i ka maʻi i loko o ka mea kanu me ka ʻole o ka hōʻeha ʻana i ka mea kanu ponoʻī. No laila, ʻo ke kiko nui o ka hoʻokele ʻana, ʻo ia ka pale ʻana, ka ʻike mua ʻana, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke kaulahao o ka laha ʻana.
ʻAno hoʻoili: nā vectors, nā hua kanu, a me nā mea kanu
Hoʻokau ka virology mea kanu hou i kahi koʻikoʻi nui i ka epidemiology: pehea e laha ai nā virus ma ke kula. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka laha ʻana ma o nā mea lawe pepeke, ʻoiai nā aphids, nā whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), nā thrips, nā leafhoppers, a me kekahi mau beetles. He ʻano laha like ʻole kēlā me kēia vector. No ka laʻana, hoʻoili ʻia kekahi mau virus me ka hoʻomau ʻole: pono wale ka pepeke i kahi "ʻono" pōkole o ka ʻiʻo e kiʻi a hoʻoili i ka virus. ʻAʻole hiki i nā insecticides ke hana, no ka mea, ua hoʻoili mua ʻia ka virus ma mua o ka make ʻana o ka pepeke. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, pono nā virus me ka hoʻoili mau i kahi manawa loaʻa lōʻihi a hiki ke noho i loko o ke kino o ka vector, e ʻoi aku ka pili o ka hoʻokele vector.
Hiki ke lawe ʻia nā virus e nā hua kanu a i ʻole nā mea kanu vegetative e like me nā ʻokiʻoki, grafting, tubers, rhizomes, a me nā moʻomeheu kiko i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻole ʻia. I nā mea kanu e like me ka ʻuala, ka maiʻa, ke kō, a me nā mea kanu hoʻonaninani like ʻole, ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea kanu i loaʻa i ka maʻi ke ala nui o ka laha ma waena o nā wahi. Eia kekahi, he paʻa loa kekahi mau virus a hiki ke laha ma o nā mea hana mahiʻai, ka hoʻopili mechanical, a i ʻole nā ʻōpala mea kanu.
Nā hōʻailona hou: mai nā hōʻailona a i ka genome
I ka wā ma mua, ua hilinaʻi pinepine ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi ma nā hōʻailona, nā mea kanu hōʻike, a i ʻole ka microscopy electron. I kēia lā, ke holomua wikiwiki nei ka virology mea kanu ma o nā diagnostics e pili ana i ka molekala. Ke hoʻohana nui ʻia nei ke ʻano ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) ma muli o kona kumukūʻai kūpono a me ke kūpono no ka nānā ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka pololei a me ka ʻike nui ma o PCR/RT-PCR, qPCR, a me LAMP (Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification), hiki ke hana wikiwiki ʻia a i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ka kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kahua.
ʻO ka loli nui loa mai ka ʻenehana hoʻonohonoho hanauna hou (NGS). Me NGS, hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke ʻike i nā virus me ka ʻike mua ʻole i kā lākou pahuhopu. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia no ka ʻike ʻana i nā virus hou, ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi i hui pū ʻia, a me ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano genetic viral e pili ana i ka virulence a me ka pale ʻana i ke kūʻē. Kākoʻo pū ka ʻikepili genomic i ka epidemiology molecular, e hiki ai i nā kulekele quarantine a me nā kulekele hōʻoia hua i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā hōʻike.
Nā pilina virus-mea kanu: nā pale kaua virus a me nā hoʻolālā
ʻAʻole nā mea kanu he mau kikowaena hana ʻole. Loaʻa iā lākou nā pale i kūkulu ʻia, me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka RNA—kahi ʻano hana e ʻike ai i ka RNA haole a luku iā ia. Ua hoʻomohala nā virus mea kanu he nui i nā protein hoʻopau hoʻopau e hoʻopau i kēia mau pale. ʻO ka lāhui evolutionary ma waena o nā virus a me nā mea kanu ke hoʻohālikelike i nā dinamika maʻi ma ke kula: hiki i nā ʻano kūʻē ke lilo i mea maʻalahi inā ulu ka virus i nā ʻano hou.
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau pilina molekala ke kumu o ka virology hou, ʻoiai e hoʻomākaukau ana i ke ala no ka ʻenekinia kū'ē: ma o ke koho ʻana i kōkua ʻia e nā māka maʻamau a me nā ʻano biotechnological.
Nā hoʻolālā hoʻomalu i hoʻohui ʻia i ka wā hou
Ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi viral, hoʻoikaika nā hoʻolālā hou i ka Integrated Pest Management (IPM) kikoʻī i ka virus. ʻO kāna mau ʻāpana nui:
1. Nā mea kanu olakino a hōʻoia ʻia
Ke hoʻohana nei i nā hua kanu ʻaʻohe maʻi a i ʻole nā mea kanu moʻomeheu ʻiʻo i hoʻāʻo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana diagnostic. He mea nui ka palapala hōʻoia no nā waiwai i hoʻoulu ʻia me nā mea kanu.
2. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻopau ʻana
E uhuki a luku i nā mea kanu i loaʻa nā hōʻailona i ka wā mua (roguing), e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā nāhelehele, a e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā mea hana e pale ai i ka laha ʻana o ka mīkini.
3. Hoʻokele vector e pili ana i ka ecologically
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mulch ʻālohilohi e hoʻopilikia i ke kuhikuhi ʻana o nā aphids/whiteflies, ke kau ʻana i nā pahele melemele, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea kanu, ke kanu ʻana i nā mea pale, a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe. Hoʻopili koho ʻia nā mea pepehi pepeke a i ka manawa kūpono e pale aku i ke kūʻē a mālama i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe.
4. Nā ʻano kūpaʻa a me ka hoʻoulu pololei
Hiki i nā ʻano me nā genes kū'ē kiko'ī a i ʻole ke kū'ē nui ke hōʻemi i ka pilikia o nā maʻi ahulau. Hoʻolalelale ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma muli o ka genome i ke koho ʻana.
5. Ka manawa kanu a me ka hoʻolālā ʻāina
ʻO ke kanu ʻana i nā wā o ka heluna vector haʻahaʻa, ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu, a me ka mālama mosaic o nā mea kanu ma kahi ʻāina hiki ke uhaki i ke kaʻina hana o ka maʻi.
Nā ʻenehana hou: CRISPR, RNAi, a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kahua
Hoʻokomo pū ka virology mea kanu hou i nā mea hou e like me ka RNA interference (RNAi) e kāohi i ka replication viral ma o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka RNA i kuhikuhi ʻia. I kēia manawa, wehe ʻo CRISPR i ʻelua mau ala: (1) ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā genes mea kanu e pono ai no ka replication virus e hoʻoikaika i nā mea kanu, a (2) i kekahi mau virus DNA, hiki ke kuhikuhi ʻia ka ʻōnaehana CRISPR e ʻoki i ka genome viral. ʻOiai ke hoʻohiki nei, pono kēia mau ʻano hana i ka loiloi o ka biosafety, ke kūpaʻa lōʻihi, a me ka ʻae ʻia e nā lula.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao diagnostic, ke hoʻomaka nei nā mea hana LAMP lawe lima, nā biosensors, a me nā sequencers miniaturized (e like me nā nanopores) e hiki ai ke ʻike wikiwiki ma ke kula. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia no ka pane mua ma mua o ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi ahulau, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā kikowaena hana māla me ka wikiwiki o ka huli ʻana o nā mea kanu.
Nā pilikia o ka wā e hiki mai ana
ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia koʻikoʻi e kū nei i ka virology mea kanu i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ia ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka laha ʻana o nā virus ma muli o ke kālepa honua, ka puka ʻana mai o nā ʻano hou ma o ka mutation a me ka recombination, a me ka loli o ke aniau, ka mea e hoʻonui ai i ka laulā o nā vectors. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā maʻi i hui pū ʻia e pili ana i nā virus he nui hiki ke hoʻonui i nā hōʻailona a hoʻopilikia i ka ʻike ʻana. He mea nui nō hoʻi nā pilikia socioeconomic: pono nā mahiʻai i nā hoʻonā i kūpono, kūpono ke kumukūʻai, a kūpono i nā kūlana kūloko.
Pani
ʻAʻole wale ka virology mea kanu o kēia wā e pili ana i "nā virus e hoʻouka i nā mea kanu," akā e pili ana hoʻi i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana maʻi, ka palapala ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka virus ma ka pae genomic, a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai e pale ai i nā maʻi ahulau ma kahi mua. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā diagnostics wikiwiki, ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kū i ke kūpaʻa, ka hoʻokele vector akamai, a me nā kulekele quarantine a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā mea kanu nā kumu nui. Me nā ʻano ʻepekema pololei a me ka laulima ikaika ma waena o nā mea noiʻi, nā limahana hoʻonui, ka ʻoihana hua, a me nā mahiʻai, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia nā pohō mai nā maʻi viral, me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka palekana meaʻai a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka mahiʻai i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
