Nā ʻAno Seismic a me nā ʻAno Non-Seismic i ka Geophysics
He ʻepekema ʻepekema ka Geophysics e pili nui ana i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano kino a me nā kaʻina hana o ka Honua. He mea nui kēia ʻike no nā ʻano noi like ʻole, me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai, ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni, a me ka loiloi ʻana i nā pōʻino kūlohelohe. Hoʻohana nā Geophysicists i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e noiʻi ai i ka ʻili o ka Honua, i hoʻokaʻawale nui ʻia i nā ʻano seismic a me nā ʻano non-seismic. Hāʻawi kēia mau ʻano hana i nā ʻike hoʻohui, a hiki i kā lākou hoʻohana hui pū ʻana ke hāʻawi i kahi ʻike piha o nā ʻano geological a me nā dynamics ma lalo o ka ʻili o ka Honua.
Nā Hana Haʻalulu
1. Hoʻolauna i nā ʻAno Hana Seismic
ʻO nā ʻano hana ōlaʻi e pili ana i ke ana ʻana i ka laha ʻana o nā nalu elastic ma o ka honua. Hoʻoulu ʻia kēia mau nalu ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe, e like me nā ōlaʻi, a i ʻole ma ke ʻano hana, ma o nā pahū ʻana a i ʻole nā lako kūikawā e like me nā kalaka haʻalulu. Ma ka nānā ʻana i nā manawa huakaʻi a me nā amplitudes o kēia mau nalu, hiki i nā geophysicists ke hoʻoholo i nā waiwai o nā mea o lalo o ka honua.
2. Nā ʻAno o nā Hawewe Seismic
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā nalu ōlaʻi i nā nalu kino a me nā nalu ʻili. ʻO nā nalu kino e komo pū ana me nā nalu mua (P) a me nā nalu lua (S), e hele ana ma loko o ka Honua. He mau nalu hoʻopaʻa nā nalu P a holo wikiwiki ma mua o nā nalu S, ʻo ia hoʻi nā nalu ʻokiʻoki. ʻO nā nalu ʻili, me nā nalu Rayleigh a me Love, e hele ana ma ka ʻili o ka Honua a ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau e hōʻino nui ai i ka wā o nā ōlaʻi ma muli o ko lākou nui o nā amplitudes.
3. Ka Hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka Seismic a me ka Refraction
ʻO ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ke ōlaʻi a me ka refraction ʻelua mau ʻano hana nui i loko o nā ʻano hana seismic:
– Ka Noʻonoʻo Seismic: Pili kēia ʻano hana i ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā nalu seismic i ka lepo a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā leo e lele hou mai nā ʻano o lalo o ka honua. ʻO ka manawa e hoʻihoʻi ai nā nalu e hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hohonu a me ke ʻano o kēia mau ʻano. He mea pono loa ka noʻonoʻo seismic no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o lalo o ka honua a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hydrocarbon.
– Seismic Refraction: Ke ana nei kēia ʻano hana i ke kūlou ʻana o nā nalu seismic i ko lākou hele ʻana ma nā papa like ʻole o ka Honua. Ma ka nānā ʻana i nā loli o ka wikiwiki o ka nalu, hiki i nā geophysicists ke hoʻoholo i ka hohonu a me ke kūlou ʻana o nā papa o lalo o ka honua. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka seismic refraction no ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona geological nui, e like me nā palena ma waena o nā ʻano pōhaku like ʻole.
4. Nā Hoʻohana ʻana o nā Hana Seismic
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻano hana Seismic ma nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me:
– ʻImi ʻAila a me ke Kinoea: ʻO nā anamanaʻo hoʻopololei ōlaʻi ka mea hana mua no ka ʻimi ʻana a me ke ʻano ʻana i nā waihona hydrocarbon kūpono.
– Seismology o ka ʻōlaʻi: ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i ka laha ʻana o nā nalu seismic mai nā ʻōlaʻi e kōkua i nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻomaopopo i nā hana hewa a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā loiloi pōpilikia o ka ʻōlaʻi.
– ʻEnekinia Geophysics: Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano ōlaʻi e noiʻi i nā kūlana o lalo o ka ʻilikai no nā papahana kūkulu, e like me ka loiloi ʻana i ka pono o ka ʻāina no nā kahua kūkulu.
Nā Hana ʻAʻole Seismic
1. Hoʻolauna i nā ʻAno Hana ʻAʻole Seismic
Hoʻopili nā ʻano hana ʻole-seismic i nā ʻano hana like ʻole i hilinaʻi ʻole i nā nalu seismic. Hiki i kēia mau ʻano hana ke uila, magnetic, gravitational, electromagnetic, a i ʻole pili i nā ʻano ʻike mamao like ʻole. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ʻano hana ʻole-seismic me nā ʻano hana seismic e hāʻawi i kahi ʻike piha o ka honua.
2. Nā ʻAno Uila
ʻO nā ʻano hana uila e pili ana i ke ana ʻana i nā waiwai uila o nā mea o lalo o ka ʻili. ʻElua mau ʻano hana maʻamau:
– Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT): Ke ana nei kēia ʻano hana i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā mea o lalo o ka ʻili i kahi au uila. Hiki i nā ʻokoʻa o ka resistivity ke hōʻike i nā ʻokoʻa o ka haku mele ʻana o nā mea, ka porosity, a me ka saturation o ka wai.
– Induced Polarization (IP): Ke ana kēia ʻenehana i ka pane lohi (a i ʻole polarization) o nā mea ma lalo o ka ʻili i kahi au uila. He mea pono loa ka IP no ka ʻike ʻana i nā minelala sulfide i hoʻolaha ʻia a me nā mea polarizable ʻē aʻe.
3. Nā Hana Magnetic
Ke ana nei nā ʻano hana makeneka i nā ʻokoʻa o ke kahua makeneka o ka Honua i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā waiwai makeneka o nā mea ma lalo o ka ʻili. Hoʻohana ʻia nā Magnetometers e ʻike i kēia mau ʻokoʻa, hiki ke hōʻike i ke alo o nā minelala makeneka, e like me ka magnetite. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ana ʻana makeneka i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā minelala a me nā noiʻi archaeological.
4. Nā Hana Umekaumaha
ʻO nā ʻano hana umekaumaha e pili ana i ke ana ʻana i ke kahua umekaumaha o ka Honua ma nā wahi like ʻole. Hiki i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka umekaumaha ke hōʻike i nā loli o ka nui o ka ʻili honua, kahi e kōkua ai i ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano pōhaku like ʻole a me nā ʻano hana honua. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ana umekaumaha no ka palapala ʻāina honua ʻāina a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā minerala.
5. Nā ʻAno Hana Uila
Ana nā ʻano hana electromagnetic (EM) i ka pane o lalo o ka ʻilikai i nā kahua electromagnetic. Aia kekahi mau ʻano hana EM, me:
– Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR): Hoʻohana kēia ʻano hana i nā nalu lekiō alapine kiʻekiʻe e kiʻi i nā hale papau o lalo. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo GPR i nā haʻawina kaiapuni, archaeology, a me ka ʻenekinia.
– Electromagnetic Transient (TEM): Ke ana kēia ʻenehana i ka palaho o nā kahua electromagnetic i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ka ʻili honua. He mea pono ka TEM no ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i nā mea conductive, e like me ka wai honua a i ʻole nā waihona mineral.
6. Nā ʻAno Hana ʻIke Mamao
ʻO ka ʻike mamao e pili ana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka ʻikepili mai kahi mamao aku, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻike maʻamau e lele ana i ka lewa a i ʻole nā ukali. ʻO nā ʻano hana ʻike mamao maʻamau:
– Kiʻi Paʻi Kiʻi Mai ka Lewa: Hiki i nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi i lawe ʻia mai ka mokulele ke hāʻawi i nā palapala ʻāina kikoʻī o ka ʻilikai a ʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona honua.
– Kiʻi Ukali: Hiki i nā ukali i lako me nā mea ʻike like ʻole ke hopu i ka ʻikepili ma nā ʻano spectrums like ʻole, me ka ʻike maka ʻia, ka infrared, a me ka radar. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻikepili e nānā i nā loli o ka hoʻohana ʻāina, nā ʻano honua, a me nā hiʻohiʻona o lalo o ka ʻilikai.
7. Nā Hoʻohana ʻana o nā Hana ʻAʻole Seismic
He nui nā noi o nā ʻano hana ʻole-seismic, e like me:
– Hydrogeology: Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano resistivity uila a me nā electromagnetic e palapala i nā kumuwaiwai wai honua a loiloi i nā waiwai aquifer.
– Nā Haʻawina Kaiapuni: Kōkua nā ʻano hana ʻole-seismic i ka ʻike ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i nā mea haumia, ka loiloi ʻana i ka haumia o ka lepo, a me ka noiʻi ʻana i nā lua lepo a i ʻole nā pōʻino ʻē aʻe ma lalo o ka ʻili.
– ʻImi ʻana i nā Minerala: Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻano umekaumaha, magnetic, a me electromagnetic e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā waihona mineral.
– ʻIkehonua: Hoʻohana ʻia ka radar komo honua a me nā ana magnetic e ʻike i nā mea hana i kanu ʻia a me nā hale mōʻaukala.
Hoʻohui i nā ʻano Seismic a me nā ʻano Non-Seismic
ʻOiai ʻo nā ʻano hana seismic e hāʻawi i nā kiʻi hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe o ka subsurface, hāʻawi nā ʻano hana non-seismic i ka ʻike hoʻohui e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka ʻike holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻano hana geological a me nā kaʻina hana. Pono pinepine ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā ʻano hana ʻelua no nā noiʻi paʻakikī. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻikepili noʻonoʻo seismic me nā ana resistivity uila hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi hiʻohiʻona piha o nā aquifers wai honua, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hoʻokele pono ʻana o kēia kumuwaiwai koʻikoʻi.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻikepili seismic a me ka ʻikepili non-seismic e lilo nei i mea nui i ke kahua o ke ʻano o ka waihona wai no nā ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea. Ma ka wehewehe pū ʻana i ka ʻikepili seismic me ka umekaumaha a me ka ʻikepili magnetic, hiki i nā geophysicists ke hōʻemi i nā mea maopopo ʻole i nā hiʻohiʻona waihona wai a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā wānana o ka wahi a me ka nui o ka hydrocarbon.
Panina
ʻO nā ʻano hana seismic a me nā ʻano hana ʻole-seismic i ka geophysics e pili ana i kahi ākea o nā ʻano hana i hoʻolālā ʻia e ʻimi a hoʻomaopopo i ka honua o lalo. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻano hana kona mau ikaika a me nā palena, a ʻo kā lākou hoʻohana hui pū ʻana hiki ke hāʻawi i nā hiʻohiʻona subsurface pololei a piha. Inā paha no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hydrocarbon, ka palekana o ke kaiapuni, a i ʻole ka loiloi pōʻino kūlohelohe, he kuleana koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻano hana i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea huna o ko kākou honua. Ma o ka holomua mau a me ka hoʻohui ʻana, e hoʻomau mau ka geophysics i ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻike hou a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia e ulu mau nei i ko kākou honua.
