ʻO ka Sismology Honua a me ke ʻano
He lālā o ka geophysics ka Seismology e aʻo ana i nā ōlaʻi a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā nalu seismic ma o lākou. ʻAʻole wale kēia ʻepekema he mea nui no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hopena o nā ōlaʻi i ke kaiāulu, akā hāʻawi pū kekahi i nā ʻike kupaianaha i loko o ke ʻano o loko o ka Honua, kahi i hūnā ʻia mai ko mākou ʻike pololei ʻana. E ʻeli hohonu kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano o ka seismology a pehea e kōkua ai iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka Honua.
Ka Moʻolelo a me ka Hoʻomohala ʻana o Sismology
Ua loaʻa ke kumu o ka Seismology mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene "seismos," ʻo ia hoʻi ka ōlaʻi, a me "logos," ʻo ia hoʻi ke aʻo ʻana. Ua kū mai ia ma ke ʻano he aʻo ʻepekema ma hope o kekahi mau ōlaʻi nui i ka wā ma mua, e like me ke ōlaʻi o Lisbon i ka makahiki 1755, i hoʻāla i ka hoihoi nui i waena o nā kānaka ʻepekema.
Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻonui hou ʻana o ka seismology i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20. Ua hana ʻia ka seismograph mua e John Milne, he ʻenekinia Pelekane a he seismologist, nāna i hoʻolauna i ka hāmeʻa i nā makahiki 1880. Ua hāʻawi kēia i kahi hoʻoikaika nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻenehana ʻike nalu seismic . ʻO kēia mea i hana ʻia, me nā hoʻomohala hou aʻe i ka lako a me ke kumumanaʻo, ua hoʻomākaukau i ke ala no ka hoʻomaopopo hohonu ʻana i nā ōlaʻi a me loko o ka Honua.
ʻAno Honua
I mea e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ai i ka simology, pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano kumu o ka Honua . Ua haku ʻia ka Honua me kekahi mau papa like ʻole, kēlā me kēia me nā ʻano kūikawā. Ua māhele ʻia ka Honua i ʻekolu mau papa nui:
1. ʻŌpala o ka Honua: ʻO kēia ka papa waho loa o ka Honua, i haku ʻia me ʻelua ʻano nui: ʻōpala ʻāina a me ʻōpala moana. ʻOi aku ka mānoanoa o ka ʻōpala ʻāina a ua haku ʻia me nā pōhaku e like me ka granite, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka ʻōpala moana a ua haku nui ʻia me ka basalt. Hiki i ka ʻōpala ʻāina ke piʻi i 70 km ka mānoanoa, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka ʻōpala moana, ma kahi o 7-10 km.
2. ʻO ka ʻili honua: Ma lalo o ka ʻili honua o ka Honua aia ka ʻili honua, kahi e hōʻea ai i ka hohonu o kahi o 2.900 km. Hana ʻia kēia ʻili honua me nā pōhaku silicate i ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa a me ka waiwai i ka magnesium a me ka hao ma mua o ka ʻili honua. Ua māhele hou ʻia ka ʻili honua i nā papa o luna a me lalo. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao luna loa o ka ʻili honua, me ka ʻili honua paʻa, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka lithosphere. Ma lalo o ka lithosphere aia kahi papa palupalu a ʻoi aku ka wai i kapa ʻia ʻo ka asthenosphere, kahi e ʻae ai i ka neʻe ʻana o nā papa tectonic.
3. ʻO ke kikowaena o ka Honua: Aia kēia kikowaena i ʻelua ʻāpana: kahi kikowaena wai o waho a me kahi kikowaena paʻa o loko. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hiki ka hohonu o ke kikowaena o waho ma kahi o 5.150 km, ʻoiai ʻo ke kikowaena o loko e hiki i ke kikowaena o ka Honua ma kahi hohonu o 6.371 km. ʻO ke kikowaena nui o ka honua he hao a me ka nikala. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ke kikowaena o ka Honua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kahua magnetic o ka Honua.
Nā Nalu Haʻalulu
ʻO nā nalu seismic ke kumu o ke seismology. Ke hiki mai kahi ōlaʻi, hoʻolaha ka ikehu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ka honua ma ke ʻano he mau nalu. ʻElua ʻano nui o nā nalu seismic:
1. Nā Nalu Kino: He mea pono e haʻi i ʻelua ʻano nui o nā nalu kino: nā nalu P (mua) a me nā nalu S (lua).
– ʻO nā nalu P nā nalu seismic wikiwiki loa a hiki mua ma kahi seismograph. Hoʻolaha lākou ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka decompression o nā mea ma ke kuhikuhi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka nalu, e like me ke ʻano o ka holo ʻana o nā nalu kani ma ka lewa. Hiki i nā nalu P ke hoʻolaha ma o nā mea paʻa a me nā wai.
– Hele mai nā nalu S ma hope o nā nalu P a hiki ke hele wale ma o nā mea paʻa. Neʻe lākou ma ka ʻoki ʻana i nā mea i kū pololei i ke kuhikuhi a lākou e pālahalaha ai, e hoʻolilo ana iā lākou i lohi ma mua o nā nalu P.
2. Nā Nalu ʻIli: ʻO kēia nā nalu Love a me nā nalu Rayleigh, e hele ana ma ka ʻili o ka Honua a ʻo ia ke kumu o ka pōʻino i hana ʻia e nā ōlaʻi. ʻOi aku ka lohi o nā nalu ʻili ma mua o nā nalu kino, akā he nui aʻe ko lākou amplitude a no laila ʻoi aku ka luku.
Nā Pōmaikaʻi o ka Sismology ma ka Noiʻi ʻana i ke ʻAno o ka Honua
ʻO kekahi o nā ala nui e aʻo ai nā seismologists i ke ʻano o loko o ka Honua, ʻo ia ke kālailai ʻana pehea e hele ai nā nalu seismic ma o ia mea. Ke hiki mai kahi ōlaʻi, hele nā nalu seismic ma o nā papa like ʻole o ka Honua a hana i ka refraction a me ka reflection, ma muli o nā ʻano o nā mea a lākou e hālāwai ai.
– Seismic Tomography: He ʻano hana like kēia me ka tomography computed lapaʻau (CT scanning), kahi e hoʻohana ai nā kānaka noiʻi i nā ʻokoʻa o nā manawa huakaʻi o nā nalu seismic i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai nā kumu ōlaʻi like ʻole e kūkulu i kahi kiʻi ʻekolu-dimensional o loko o ka Honua. Kōkua kēia i nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻokoʻa o ka haku mele ʻana a me nā waiwai wela o nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka ʻaʻahu o ka Honua.
– Hōʻike o ke Kikowaena o ka Honua: ʻO ka hōʻike mua e loaʻa ana kahi papa wai o ke kikowaena o ka Honua mai ka nānā ʻana i nā nalu S, ʻaʻole hiki ke laha ma o ke kikowaena waho. Ua hāpai mua ʻia kēia anawaena i ka makahiki 1906 e Richard Dixon Oldham a ma hope ua hōʻoia hou ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī.
– Ka ʻIke ʻana i nā Discontinuities: Hōʻike pū ka Seismic i nā discontinuities, a i ʻole nā loli koke i ka wikiwiki o nā nalu seismic. ʻO ka Mohorovičić Discontinuity (a i ʻole Moho) kahi laʻana kaulana, e hōʻailona ana i ka palena ma waena o ka ʻili a me ka mantle. ʻO nā discontinuities nui ʻē aʻe, e like me ka ʻike ʻana o ka mantle o luna a me lalo e Inge Lehmann i ka makahiki 1936, e hōʻike ana i ke ola ʻana o ka ʻiwi o loko o ka Honua.
Ka Hoʻomau ʻana o ka Noiʻi a me nā Noi Hou
I kēia lā, ʻaʻole hoʻohana wale ʻia ka seismology e aʻo i nā ōlaʻi a me ke ʻano o ka honua, akā he nui nā noi ʻē aʻe, e like me:
– Ke Nānā ʻana i ka Lua Pele: Hoʻomaka pinepine nā ʻōlaʻi ma mua o nā pele ʻana, a ʻo ka nānā ʻana i ka hana seismic a puni nā lua pele hiki ke hāʻawi i ka ʻōlelo aʻo mua no nā pele e hiki mai ana.
– Ka ʻImi ʻana i nā Kumuwaiwai: Hoʻohana ka ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea i nā ʻano hana seismic e ʻimi ai i nā waihona ma lalo o ka honua. Hoʻohana ʻia nā nalu seismic artificial e palapala i nā ʻano hana honua e loaʻa ana paha ka aila a i ʻole ke kinoea.
– Ke Hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka Seismology: Hoʻohana ka seismology hou i ka ʻenehana kamepiula holomua e hoʻohālike i nā ōlaʻi hiki ke hiki mai a kālailai i nā pilikia seismic, no laila e kōkua ana i ka hoʻolālā kūlanakauhale, ke kūkulu hale ʻana, a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pilikia pōʻino.
Ka hopena
Ma ke ʻano he aʻo interdisciplinary kiʻekiʻe, hāʻawi ka seismology i nā ʻike waiwai nui ʻaʻole wale i ke ʻano a me nā hopena o nā ōlaʻi, akā i loko hoʻi o ke ʻano paʻakikī o loko o ko kākou honua. Ma o ka noiʻi seismic, ua hiki iā mākou ke wehe i nā mea pohihihi he nui i hūnā mua ʻia ma lalo o ka ʻili o ka Honua. ʻAʻole wale kēia he mea nui no ka ʻepekema akā he hopena maoli nō hoʻi no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka palekana a me ke olakino o ke kanaka.
