ʻO Geophysics a me ka ʻike ʻana o nā papa Aquifer
He mea koʻikoʻi ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai maʻemaʻe ma nā wahi he nui, ʻoiai nā mea e ʻike nei i ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, nā loli o ka hoʻohana ʻāina, a me ka loli nui o ke aniau. ʻOiai kēia mau pilikia, ʻo ka wai honua kahi kumu wai hilinaʻi no ka mea ua mālama ʻia ma lalo o ka ʻili a ʻoi aku ka palekana mai ka mahu ʻana a me nā loli o ke aniau. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana a me ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i ka wai honua e pono ai ma mua o ka kuhi wale ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻike kahua. Pono kahi ala ʻepekema e hiki ke "ʻike" i ka ʻili honua me ka ʻole o ka ʻeli nui ʻana. ʻO kēia kahi e pāʻani ai ka geophysics i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka ʻike ʻana i nā papa aquifer.
Ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā aquifers a me ke kumu e pono ai ke ʻike ʻia
ʻO kahi aquifer kahi papa pōhaku a i ʻole ka lepo ma lalo o ka ʻilikai e hiki ke mālama a hoʻouna i ka nui o ka wai. ʻO ka maʻamau, ua hana ʻia nā aquifers me nā mea porous a permeable e like me ke one, ka ʻiliʻili, ka one pōhaku, a i ʻole ka pōhaku lepo haki. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā papa i impermeable a i ʻole he permeability haʻahaʻa loa—e like me ka lepo a i ʻole ka marl—ua kapa pinepine ʻia he aquicludes a i ʻole aquitards, kahi e keakea ai i ke kahe ʻana o ka wai.
Pono ka ʻike ʻana i nā aquifer no nā kumu like ʻole: ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā wahi e ʻeli ai i nā luawai, ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolako wai inu, ka hoʻoinu wai mahiʻai, ka loiloi ʻana i nā maloʻo hiki ke loaʻa, a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka haumia o ka wai honua. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo hewa ʻana i ka wahi, ka hohonu, a me ka mānoanoa o kahi aquifer hiki ke alakaʻi i nā luawai maloʻo, nā kahe haʻahaʻa, ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka wai, a i ʻole nā kumukūʻai ʻeli i hoʻonui ʻia.
Ke kuleana o ka geophysics i nā haʻawina wai honua
ʻO Geophysics ka ʻepekema e aʻo ana i nā waiwai kino o ka Honua a hoʻohana iā lākou e wehewehe i nā ʻano o lalo o ka honua. I loko o ke ʻano o ka wai honua, hoʻohana nā ʻano geophysical i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā waiwai kino e like me ke kū'ē uila, ka wikiwiki o ka nalu seismic, ka nui, ka magnetism, a me ka pane electromagnetic e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻano lithology a me nā kūlana saturation wai.
ʻO nā pono nui o ka geophysics ʻo ia kona ʻano ʻaʻole luku, kahi ākea o ka uhi ʻana, a me ka hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi kiʻi mua ma mua o ka ʻeli ʻana pipiʻi. ʻAe pū ka Geophysics i ka palapala ʻāina ʻaoʻao (ʻaoʻao) a me ke kū pololei (hohonu) o nā aquifers i manaʻo ʻia.
Nā ʻano hana geophysical i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia
1) Ke ʻano kū'ē Geoelectric
ʻO ke ʻano hana geoelectric resistivity kekahi o nā ʻano hana kaulana loa no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka wai honua. He maʻalahi ke kumumanaʻo: hoʻokomo ʻia kahi au uila i loko o ka lepo ma o kahi electrode, a laila ana ʻia ka ʻokoʻa potential ma waena o ka electrode ʻē aʻe. Mai kēia ana ʻana, helu ʻia ka waiwai resistivity apparent, a laila hoʻohuli ʻia i loko o kahi kumu hoʻohālike resistivity subsurface.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana he nui, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kū'ē ʻana o nā papa i piha i ka wai ma mua o nā papa maloʻo, ʻoiai inā loaʻa i ka wai nā pae kiʻekiʻe o nā minelala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (ions). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole "ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo" mau ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kū'ē ʻana. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka pālolo ke loaʻa ka kū'ē haʻahaʻa ma muli o ke ʻano alakaʻi o nā minelala pālolo, no laila "e hoʻohālike" ana i ka pane o kahi aquifer. No laila, pono e noʻonoʻo ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano geological kūloko a, inā hiki, e hoʻoponopono ʻia me ka ʻikepili wili.
ʻO nā hoʻonohonoho ana maʻamau e komo pū me Schlumberger lāua ʻo Wenner no ke kani ʻana (e ʻimi ana i nā ʻokoʻa kū pololei), a me Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) no ka palapala ʻāina 2D/3D kikoʻī. He mea pono loa ka ERT no ka ʻike ʻana i nā palena papa, nā ʻāpana ʻino, a i ʻole nā laina haki e hana ana ma ke ʻano he aquifers.
2) Ke ʻAno Polarization i hoʻoulu ʻia (IP)
Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ke ʻano IP me ka resistivity. Ana ka IP i ka hiki o kahi mea ke mālama manawa pōkole i kahi uku uila ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke au. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā waiwai chargeability kiʻekiʻe me nā mea pālolo a i ʻole kekahi mau mineralizations. I nā haʻawina aquifer, kōkua ka IP i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā papa haʻahaʻa-resistivity i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka pālolo (kiʻekiʻe chargeability) mai nā papa haʻahaʻa-resistivity i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka wai honua (haʻahaʻa chargeability). Hiki i ka hui resistivity-IP ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pololei i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā pahuhopu ʻeli.
3) Ke ʻano hana electromagnetic (EM)
ʻO nā hana EM—e like me TEM (Transient Electromagnetic) a i ʻole FDEM (Frequency Domain EM)—e palapala i ka conductivity o lalo o ka ʻilikai me ka ʻole o ka pili pololei ʻana me ka lepo (ma muli o ka mea hana). He mea kūpono loa ka EM no nā ana wikiwiki a ākea a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e ʻike i nā aquifers, nā palena komo wai kai ma nā wahi kahakai, a i ʻole nā wahi conductive e pili ana me nā lepo lepo a me nā brines.
Ma nā wahi kahakai, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka wai honua i komo ʻia e ka wai kai e alakaʻi nui ʻia, e maʻalahi ai ke ʻike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano EM a me nā ʻano resistivity. He mea nui kēia ʻike e pale aku ai i ka ʻeli ʻana i nā wahi i kūpono ʻole ai ka maikaʻi o ka wai.
4) Nā ʻano hana Seismic (refraction a me MASW)
Hoʻohana nā ʻano hana seismic i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā nalu elastic i ka lepo. I ka refraction seismic, ua kālailai ʻia ka manawa huakaʻi nalu mai ke kumu a i ka geophone e hoʻohālike i nā papa ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o ka wikiwiki o ka nalu. I kēia manawa, kālailai ʻo MASW (Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves) i nā nalu ʻili e loaʻa ai nā ʻikepili wikiwiki o ka nalu shear (Vs).
ʻOiai ʻaʻole "ana pololei" nā ʻano hana seismic i ka wai, ʻo nā loli i ka saturation, ka wikiwiki o ka weathering, ka compaction, a me ka lithology e hoʻopilikia nui i ka wikiwiki o ka nalu. ʻO nā papa sediment wehe i loaʻa ka hiki ke hana i nā aquifers pāpaʻu he pinepine nā ʻano wikiwiki kikoʻī a me kahi ʻokoʻa maopopo i ka bedrock ʻoi aku ka compact. He mea pono nō hoʻi nā ʻano hana seismic no ka palapala ʻana i ka mānoanoa o ka sediment (overburden), ka hohonu o ka bedrock, a me nā hale e like me nā hewa e hiki ke kaohi i ke kahe o ka wai honua.
5) Radar Komo Honua (GPR)
Hoʻohana ʻo GPR i nā nalu electromagnetic alapine kiʻekiʻe e palapala i nā hale pāpaʻu me ka hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe. He kūpono kēia ʻano hana ma nā mea pale a maloʻo, e like me ke one, akā ua emi kāna hana i ka lepo conductive a i ʻole ka lepo i hoʻopiha ʻia i ka wai ma muli o ka attenuation signal. Ma ke ʻano o nā aquifers, he mea pono ʻo GPR no ke palapala ʻana i nā stratification pāpaʻu, nā paleochannels, a i ʻole nā papa one e hana ana i nā aquifers pāpaʻu, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā hohonu o kekahi mau mika a hiki i nā ʻumi mika.
Kaʻina hana ʻike aquifer i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka geophysical
Ma ke ʻano laulā, hahai kahi haʻawina aquifer maikaʻi i kahi kaʻina hana i hoʻohui ʻia. ʻO ka mea mua, hana ʻia kahi haʻawina mua: ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā palapala ʻāina geological, geomorphology, nā kiʻi ukali, ka ʻikepili topographic, ka hoʻohana ʻāina, ka ua, a me ka ʻike luawai e kū nei (ka hohonu o ka papa wai honua, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, a me ka maikaʻi o ka wai). Kōkua kēia pae i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike manaʻo mua, me ke ʻano aquifer i manaʻo ʻia (ʻaʻohe palena a i ʻole palena ʻia), ke kuhikuhi o ke kahe ʻana, a me ka ʻāpana hoʻouka hou.
ʻO ka lua, hana ʻia kahi ana geophysical ma muli o ka hohonu o ka pahuhopu a me nā kūlana o ka ʻāina. No nā aquifers hohonu, koho pinepine ʻia ke kani resistivity a i ʻole TEM; no ka palapala kikoʻī o nā trajectories kikoʻī, makemake ʻia ka 2D/3D ERT; no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hohonu o ka bedrock a me ka mānoanoa o ka sediment, hiki ke hoʻopihapiha ʻia ka seismic refraction a i ʻole MASW.
ʻO ke kolu, ua hana ʻia ka ʻikepili a hoʻohuli ʻia e hana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike o lalo o ka ʻilikai. A laila ua wehewehe ʻia nā hopena inversion ma ke ʻano geological: ke hoʻoholo ʻana i nā palena o ka papa, ka hōʻailona ʻana i nā wahi i hiki ke hoʻopiha ʻia, ka ʻike ʻana i nā papa impermeable, a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana e like me nā hewa a i ʻole nā haki. ʻO ka hā, ua hōʻoia ʻia ka wehewehe ʻana e kūʻē i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka honua, no ka laʻana, ka ʻikepili ʻeli, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka luawai, a i ʻole nā hoʻāʻo pumping e hoʻoholo i nā palena hydrogeological e like me ka transmissivity a me ke coefficient mālama.
Nā pilikia wehewehe a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻohui ʻikepili
ʻOiai kona pono, he mau palena ko ka geophysics. Hiki ke hana ʻia ka waiwai resistivity like e nā mea like ʻole (ambiguity), hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻonā hohonu me kekahi mau ʻano hana, a ʻo nā kūlana kahua e like me ka walaʻau uila, ke komo ʻana i ka ʻāina, a i ʻole nā ʻōnaehana o luna hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻikepili. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā waiwai o ka wai honua—e like me ka paʻakai—e hoʻopilikia nui i ka pane. Hiki i ka wai maʻemaʻe i ke one ke hōʻike i ka resistivity kūpono, ʻoiai ʻo ka wai paʻakai a paʻakai paha e hoʻopuka i ka resistivity haʻahaʻa loa.
No laila, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i ka aquifer hilinaʻi loa e hoʻokō ʻia ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka geophysics, geology, a me hydrogeology. Hāʻawi ka ʻikepili ʻeli i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka lithology, ʻoiai nā hoʻāʻo pumping e hōʻoia inā he huahua ka aquifer a ʻaʻole paha. ʻO Geophysics, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike kiko wili i loko o kahi palapala hoʻolaha ākea a hoʻemi i ka pilikia o nā wahi wili hewa.
Pani
He mea hana koʻikoʻi ka Geophysics no ka ʻike pono ʻana i nā papa aquifer a me ka ʻepekema. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā waiwai kino o lalo o ka honua, hiki i nā ʻano hana e like me ke resistivity, IP, EM, seismic, a me GPR ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike i ke ʻano, ka hohonu, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā papa e hiki ke mālama i ka wai honua. Eia nō naʻe, hilinaʻi nui ka wehewehe kūleʻa i ka ʻike ʻana i ka geology kūloko a me ka hoʻohui ʻana me ka ʻikepili kahua e like me ka ʻeli ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo hydrogeological.
I kēia au o ka hoʻonui mau ʻana o ke koi wai, hiki i ka hoʻopili pono ʻana o ka geophysics ke kōkua i nā kaiāulu, nā aupuni, a me nā ʻoihana e hana i nā hoʻoholo i hoʻokele ʻia e ka ʻikepili: mai ka ʻimi ʻana i nā luawai huahua a me ka pale ʻana i nā wahi wai paʻakai a hiki i ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai honua. No laila, ʻaʻole wale ka geophysics he "ʻenehana ʻike wai," akā he kahua koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻokele waiwai wai honua kuleana.
