Nā Genome Prokaryotic i loko o ka Biology Molecular
ʻO nā genomes prokaryotic kahi poloka kūkulu kumu o ka biology molecular, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ke ola, ma kona pae maʻalahi loa, e mālama, hōʻike, a hoʻoili i ka ʻike genetic. Loaʻa i nā Prokaryotes—ʻo ia hoʻi nā bacteria a me nā archaea—nā hui genome liʻiliʻi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā eukaryotes, akā lawelawe lākou ma ke ʻano he mau kumu hoʻohālike kūpono no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo kumu o ka hana hou ʻana o ka DNA, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka gene, ka mutation, a me ka evolution. Me nā holomua i ka sequencing a me ka ʻenehana bioinformatics, ʻo ke aʻo ʻana i nā genomes prokaryotic he kuleana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, biotechnology, a me ka ʻepekema kaiapuni.
Nā ʻano laulā o nā genomes prokaryotic
Ma keʻano laulā, he DNA kaula pālua nā genomes prokaryotic a ua hoʻonohonoho pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he chromosome pōʻai hoʻokahi i loaʻa ma ka ʻāpana nucleoid (ma mua o ka nucleus , ʻoiai ʻaʻohe membrane nuklea o nā prokaryotes). ʻOiai ua ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia ka "chromosome pōʻai hoʻokahi" ma ke ʻano he ʻano, aia nā ʻokoʻa: he nui nā chromosome o kekahi mau bacteria, a i ʻole nā chromosome linear. ʻOkoʻa ka nui o nā genomes prokaryotic, mai kahi o 0,1-1 miliona mau hui kumu i nā bacteria parasitic e hilinaʻi nui ana i ko lākou kikowaena, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 miliona mau hui kumu i nā bacteria lepo me nā hiki metabolic ākea.
ʻO kekahi ʻano koʻikoʻi, ʻo ia ka nui o ka nui o nā genes. I loko o nā genomes prokaryotic, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka DNA ke coding, me nā kaʻina non-coding liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā eukaryotes. Pili kēia i ka pono o ka evolutionary: mālama nā prokaryotes i nā genes e hāʻawi ana i nā pono adaptive i loko o kahi ʻano i hāʻawi ʻia. Hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia kēia mau genes, a ua hoʻohui ʻia nā mea he nui e ka hana.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka gene a me ka hoʻonohonoho operon
ʻO kekahi o nā manaʻo nui e hoʻolilo ai i nā genomes prokaryotic i mea nui i ka biology molekala ʻo ia ka operon. ʻO ka operon kahi ʻāpana transcriptional i haku ʻia me kekahi mau genes structural i kāohi ʻia e kahi mea hoʻolaha hoʻokahi a pinepine i kahi mea hoʻohana. ʻAe kēia ʻano hana i nā genes he nui e hana ana ma ke ala metabolic like e hōʻike like ʻia. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau ka lac operon ma Escherichia coli, ka mea e hoʻoponopono ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lactose. ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike operon ke kumu no ka ʻike hou o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o nā genes ma o nā pilina DNA-protein, nā repressors, a me nā inducers.
I loko o nā prokaryotes, hiki ke hana like ʻia ka transcription a me ka unuhi ʻana no ka mea ʻaʻohe kaʻawale ʻana o nā keʻena e like me ka nucleus cell. Ke hoʻomaka ka RNA polymerase e hana i ka mRNA, hiki i nā ribosomes ke hoʻopili koke a unuhi iā ia. ʻO ka hopena olaola he pane wikiwiki loa ia i nā loli o ke kaiapuni—no ka laʻana, ka loaʻa ʻana o nā meaʻai, ke kaumaha oxidative, a i ʻole nā loli o ka mahana.
Hoʻopili hou ʻana o ka DNA a me nā mea koʻikoʻi
Hoʻopili nā genomes prokaryotic ma o kahi ʻano hana semi-conservative, e like me nā meaola āpau. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa pinepine i nā prokaryotes kahi kumu hoʻokahi o ka replication (ori) ma kā lākou chromosomes, e like me oriC ma E. coli. Mai kēia wahi, hoʻomau ka replication ma ke ʻano bidirectional. Hana pū nā protein koʻikoʻi e like me ka DNA helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, a me ka ligase e kope i ka DNA me ka pololei kiʻekiʻe.
Hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ka biology molecular pehea e hōʻoia ai nā helu hana hou, ka kaohi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana o ke kelepona, a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoponopono DNA i ke kūpaʻa o ka genome. Loaʻa i nā Prokaryotes nā ʻano hana hoʻoponopono like ʻole, e like me ka hoʻoponopono mismatch a me ka hoʻoponopono excision nucleotide. ʻOiai he maʻalahi, he kūpono loa kēia mau ʻōnaehana, a hiki i kā lākou hāʻule ʻana ke hoʻonui i ka helu mutation, kahi e hoʻolalelale ai i ka evolution a i ʻole ke hoʻoulu i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka antibiotic.
Nā Plasmid a me ka DNA extrachromosomal
Ma waho aʻe o ka chromosome nui, he nui nā prokaryotes i loaʻa nā plasmids—nā molekala DNA poepoe liʻiliʻi i hiki ke hana hou kūʻokoʻa. Lawe pinepine nā plasmids i nā genes e hāʻawi i nā pono koho, e like me nā genes pale antibiotic, nā mea virulence, a i ʻole ka hiki ke hoʻopili i nā hui kikoʻī. Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona biology molecular, he mea koʻikoʻi nā plasmids no ka mea lawelawe lākou ma ke ʻano he "kaʻa" kūlohelohe no ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā gene ma waena o nā bacteria a lawelawe ma ke ʻano he vectors i ka ʻenekinia genetic.
I loko o ka hale hana hoʻokolohua, hoʻohana ʻia nā plasmid no ka cloning gene, ka hana ʻana i ka protein recombinant (e.g., insulin), a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana hōʻike. ʻO nā mea ma luna o nā plasmid—e like me ke kumu o ka replication, nā māka koho, a me nā wahi cloning he nui—e ʻae i nā mea noiʻi e hoʻoponopono i ka DNA ma ke ʻano i kuhikuhi ʻia a me ka pono.
Ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā gene horizontal a me nā dinamika evolutionary
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hoʻoilina kū pololei (mai ka makua a i ke keiki), ʻike nui ʻia nā prokaryotes no ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā genes ākea (HGT). Hiki ke hana ʻia ʻo HGT ma o ʻekolu mau ʻano hana nui: ka hoʻololi ʻana (ka lawe ʻana i ka DNA manuahi), ka transduction (ma o nā bacteriophages), a me ka conjugation (ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka DNA ma o ka pilina cell-to-cell). He koʻikoʻi ka hopena: hiki i nā hiki hou e like me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka antibiotic ke laha koke ma waena o nā heluna bacteria.
Ma ke ʻano molecular biology a me genomics, wehewehe ʻo HGT i ke kumu he "mosaic" nā genomes prokaryotic, i haku ʻia me nā ʻāpana i loaʻa mai nā kumu evolutionary like ʻole. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia manaʻo no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pathogenicity, ka puka ʻana mai o nā ʻano hou, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka bacteria i nā kaomi koho ma nā wahi haukapila a i ʻole nā wahi mahiʻai.
ʻO nā genomes prokaryotic ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka biology molekala
Ua lōʻihi ka lawelawe ʻana o nā Prokaryotes—ʻoi aku hoʻi ʻo E. coli—ma ke ʻano he mau meaola hoʻohālike no ka mea he maʻalahi lākou e hoʻoulu, hana hou koke, a hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka genetics. Nui nā kumumanaʻo koʻikoʻi o ka biology molecular i loaʻa mai ka noiʻi ʻana i nā bacteria : ke code genetic, nā ʻano hoʻoponopono transcriptional, ka hoʻonohonoho ribosome, a me nā manaʻo o ka mutation a me ke koho ʻana.
I kēia au hou, ua lilo pū nā genomes prokaryotic i kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana CRISPR. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana CRISPR-Cas i ka wā mua he ʻano hana pale adaptive i loko o ka bacteria a me ka archaea e hakakā i nā virus (bacteriophages). Ua hana ʻia kēia ʻike ma hope i mea hana hoʻoponopono genome i hoʻololi i ka biology molecular, ka mahiʻai, a me ka noiʻi biomedical.
Nā ʻano hana loiloi genome prokaryotic
Ua holomua koke ke aʻo ʻana i nā genomes prokaryotic ma muli o ka holomua ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka hanauna hou (NGS). I kēia manawa, hiki ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā genomes bacteria i loko o kahi hapa o ka manawa a ma ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa loa ma mua o nā makahiki i hala. Ma hope o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, hana ʻia ka annotation genome e wānana i nā genes, nā RNA hana, a me nā mea hoʻoponopono. Hoʻohana ʻia ka Bioinformatics e hoʻohālikelike i nā genomes ma waena o nā ʻano (comparative genomics), ʻike i nā genes virulence, a palapala i nā ala metabolic.
ʻAe pū nā ʻano hana metagenomic i nā mea noiʻi e aʻo i nā kaiāulu microbial me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā meaola pākahi. He mea pono loa kēia no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka microbiome ʻōpū kanaka, nā microbes lepo, a i ʻole nā microorganisms kai e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana i nā pōʻaiapuni biogeochemical.
Nā noi ma ke olakino, ka ʻoihana a me ke kaiapuni
I ka mālama ola kino, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā genomes prokaryotic e kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā pathogen, ka nānā ʻana i ka outbreak, a me ka palapala ʻāina kūʻē antibiotic. ʻAe ka sequencing i nā haukapila e hana i ka nānā ʻana genomic e ʻike i ke kumu o nā maʻi nosocomial. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā pahuhopu lāʻau lapaʻau hou e hilinaʻi pinepine ʻia ma ka nānā ʻana i nā genes koʻikoʻi a me nā ala metabolic kū hoʻokahi i loko o ka bacteria.
I ka ʻoihana, hoʻohana ʻia nā bacteria e hana i nā enzymes, antibiotics, organic acids, a me nā biofuels. ʻAe ka ʻenekinia genome prokaryotic i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā ala metabolic e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā microbes i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana kikoʻī. Ma ke kahua kaiapuni, hoʻohana ʻia nā microbes i ka bioremediation—no ka laʻana, ka wāwahi ʻana i nā mea i ninini ʻia ka aila a i ʻole nā mea haumia organik. Hāʻawi nā genomes i nā hōʻailona e pili ana i ka hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā hui a me nā kūlana kūpono no ka hana microbial.
Pani
ʻO nā genomes prokaryotic kahi puka makani koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana kumu o ke ola ma ka pae molekala, a me ke kī i nā noi hana ākea. Me ko lākou mau ʻano maʻalahi, ka nui o ka nui o nā genes, ka hoʻoponopono operon, a me ka hiki ke hoʻoili i nā genes ma ke ʻano ākea, lawelawe nā prokaryotes ma ke ʻano he mau kumu hoʻohālike alakaʻi i ka biology molekala . Me nā holomua i ka sequencing, metagenomics, a me nā ʻenehana hoʻoponopono gene e like me CRISPR, e hoʻomau ka haʻawina o nā genomes prokaryotic i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka hana hou i ke olakino, ka ʻoihana, a me ke ola o ke kaiapuni. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā genomes prokaryotic ʻaʻole wale ia he mea nui no ka ʻepekema kumu akā he mea nui hoʻi no ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka biotechnology hou a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
