ʻO ke olaola molekole o nā virus DNA
ʻO nā virus DNA kahi hui o nā virus nona nā mea genetic i haku ʻia me ka deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). ʻAʻole e like me nā virus RNA, ka mea maʻamau e hana wikiwiki a loaʻa nā helu mutation kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o nā virus DNA ma muli o ka pale ʻana o ka DNA i nā hewa replication. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole manaʻo ke kūpaʻa he mea ʻino ʻole: hiki i nā virus DNA like ʻole ke hoʻoulu i nā maʻi koʻikoʻi i nā kānaka, nā holoholona, a me nā mea kanu, mai nā maʻi ʻoi a hiki i nā maʻi huna a me ke kanesa. Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi i ka biology molecular o nā virus DNA, me ke ʻano o ka genome, nā hoʻolālā replication, ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene, nā pilina me nā cell host, a me ko lākou hopena no ke olakino a me ka biotechnology.
Nā ʻano laulā a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā genomes
Hiki i nā genomes virus DNA ke lilo i DNA kaula pālua (dsDNA) a i ʻole DNA kaula hoʻokahi (ssDNA). I loko o ke kanaka, nui nā virus DNA koʻikoʻi i loaʻa mai dsDNA, no ka laʻana, Herpesviridae (HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV), Adenoviridae, Poxviridae, a me Papillomaviridae (HPV). ʻO kahi laʻana kaulana o ssDNA ʻo Parvoviridae. ʻOkoʻa nō hoʻi nā ʻano genome: he linear kekahi (e.g., adenoviruses, herpesviruses), he poepoe kekahi (e.g., papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses), a he mau huelo terminal kūikawā ko kekahi e kōkua ana i ka hana hou ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻopili ʻana.
ʻOkoʻa nō hoʻi ka nui o ka genome o nā virus DNA. He liʻiliʻi nā genomes o nā Parvoviruses, ma kahi o 5 kb, ʻoiai hiki i nā poxviruses ke piʻi ma luna o 150-300 kb. Pili ka nui o ka genome i ke kekelē o ke "kūʻokoʻa" o ka virus: lawe pinepine nā virus DNA nui i kā lākou mau enzymes replication a me transcription ponoʻī, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi o nā genomes liʻiliʻi i ka mīkini o ke kelepona host.
ʻO ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana a me ke komo ʻana i loko o nā cell
ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa i nā virus DNA kahi protein capsid e pale ana i ka genome. He nui nā icosahedral (adenoviruses, HPV), ʻoiai he ʻano paʻakikī ko nā poxviruses. Loaʻa i kekahi mau virus DNA i hoʻopuni ʻia, e like me nā herpesviruses, kahi membrane mai ke kelepona hoʻokipa a lawe i nā glycoproteins no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea loaʻa o ka ʻili o ke kelepona.
ʻO ke kahua mua o ka maʻi e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana o ka mea loaʻa a me ke komo ʻana o ka viral ma o ka endocytosis, ka membrane fusion, a i ʻole nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe. Ma hope o ke komo ʻana, pono ka virus e hāʻawi i kāna DNA i kahi o ka replication. Hoʻopili ka hapa nui o nā virus DNA i loko o ka nucleus, e koi ana i kā lākou genome e hele ma waena o nā pores nucleus. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ʻo poxviruses, ka mea e hoʻopau i ka replication a me ka transcription i loko o ka cytoplasm no ka mea lawe lākou i ka nui o kā lākou mau enzymes ponoʻī.
Nā hoʻolālā hana hou ʻana o ka genome virus DNA
ʻO ka hana hou ʻana o ka DNA viral ka puʻuwai o ka biology molekala viral: pehea e hana hou ʻia ai ka DNA viral ma ka hoʻohana ʻana a i ʻole ke pani ʻana i nā mīkini kelepona.
1. Nā maʻi DNA liʻiliʻi a me ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka mea hoʻokipa
Hilinaʻi nui nā papillomaviruses a me nā polyomaviruses i ka enzyme DNA polymerase o ke kelepona. No ka mea, hana nui ka DNA polymerase o ke kelepona i ka wā S o ke kaʻina hana kelepona, ua hoʻomohala kēia mau virus i nā hoʻolālā e "pale" i ke kelepona i loko o ke kaʻina hana hou. Hoʻopau nā protein mua e like me E6 a me E7 i loko o ka HPV i nā mea hoʻoponopono kaʻina hana kelepona (e.g., p53 a me Rb), e ʻae ana i ke kelepona e hoʻomau i ka māhele ʻana a hāʻawi i kahi kūlana maikaʻi no ka hana hou ʻana o ka DNA viral.
2. Nā virus DNA nui a me kā lākou mau enzyme ponoʻī
Lawe nā poxviruses i ka DNA polymerase, nā enzymes mRNA processing, a me nā transcription factors, e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana hou i loko o ka cytoplasm. Aia nā Herpesviruses ma waena: hoʻohana ka nui o nā herpesviruses i kā lākou viral DNA polymerase ponoʻī akā hilinaʻi mau i kekahi mau mea hoʻokipa nukelea. Hoʻokomo pinepine ka hana hou ʻana o Herpesvirus i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā "replication compartments" i loko o ka nucleus, kahi e hōʻuluʻulu ai nā protein replication a hoʻohui nui ʻia ka DNA viral.
3. Nā ʻano hana hoʻopili like ʻole
- Hoʻomaka pinepine ka hana hou ʻana o Theta i nā genomes poepoe, e like me ka hana hou ʻana o plasmid.
– He mea maʻamau ka hana hou ʻana o ka pōʻai ʻōwili i nā herpesviruses, e hana ana i nā mea hoʻohui DNA lōʻihi a laila ʻoki ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻopili ʻana.
– Hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ke kaula e ka adenovirus, me ke kōkua ʻia e nā protein terminal e hoʻopili ana i nā wēlau o ka DNA ma ke ʻano he primers.
– ssDNA → dsDNA waena i loko o ka parvovirus: Hoʻololi mua ʻia ka DNA kaula hoʻokahi i ke ʻano dsDNA e nā enzymes cellular ma mua o ka transcription a me ka replication hou aku.
Ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene: nā pae "mua" a me "hope"
Hoʻoponopono pinepine ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene virus DNA ma ke ʻano manawa. Ma ke ʻano manaʻo, hōʻike mua ʻia nā genes "mua" e hoʻomākaukau i ke kaiapuni cellular no ka hana hou ʻana (e.g., nā protein hoʻoponopono transcriptional, nā protein hoʻoponopono pōʻaiapuni cell, viral DNA polymerase). Ke hoʻomaka ka DNA viral e hana hou, hōʻike ʻia nā genes "hope" e hana i nā ʻāpana kūkulu e like me nā protein capsid a me nā envelope, a me nā mea hoʻopili genome.
He hilinaʻi nui kēia hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mea hoʻolaha, nā mea hoʻonui, a me nā mea hoʻohuihui viral/host. Hoʻoponopono pū nā virus DNA i ka hana ʻana o RNA: ka splicing ʻē aʻe, ka polyadenylation, a me ka paʻa mRNA. ʻO nā adenovirus, no ka laʻana, lawelawe lākou ma ke ʻano he mau kumu hoʻohālike koʻikoʻi i ka biology molecular no ka mea ua alakaʻi ka noiʻi adenovirus i ka ʻike ʻana o ka splicing mRNA i loko o nā cell eukaryotic.
Ka launa pū ʻana me ka ʻōnaehana pale a me nā ʻano hana pale ʻana
Pono nā virus DNA e lanakila i nā pale kikowaena e like me nā interferons, nā ala cytosolic DNA-sensing (e.g., cGAS-STING), a me nā pane T cell a me antibody. Ua hoʻomohala ka nui o nā virus DNA i nā protein kūikawā e kāohi i kēia mau ala. Hoʻopuka kekahi mau herpesviruses i nā protein e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka antigen MHC, e hōʻike ana i nā cell i loaʻa i ka maʻi i ʻike ʻole ʻia e nā lymphocytes T cytotoxic. Loaʻa i nā Poxviruses nā protein cytokine receptor-like "decoy" e omo i nā hōʻailona pale e hoʻopau i ka pane mumū.
Eia kekahi, hiki i nā virus DNA ke noho huna. Ua ʻike ʻia nā Herpesvirus e hoʻokumu i nā maʻi huna i loko o nā neurons (HSV) a i ʻole nā pūnaewele B (EBV). I ka wā huna, liʻiliʻi ka hōʻike ʻana o nā gene viral, e paʻakikī ai i ka ʻōnaehana pale ke ʻike, akā mālama ka virus i kona genome a hiki ke hoʻāla hou i ka wā e nāwaliwali ai ke kūlana o ka mea hoʻokipa.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka genome a me kona pilina me ka maʻi kanesa
Hiki i kekahi mau virus DNA ke hoʻohui i loko o ka genome host a mālama paha i nā episomes paʻa. ʻAʻole koi mau ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana no ka hana hou ʻana, akā i ka wā e hana ʻia ai, hiki iā ia ke loaʻa nā hopena olaola koʻikoʻi. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia nā HPV kiʻekiʻe-pilikia (e.g., nā ʻano 16 a me 18) i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ke kanesa cervical, e hoʻonui ana i ka hōʻike ʻana o E6/E7, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ka p53/Rb a paipai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā cell. Hoʻopili pū ʻia ʻo EBV a me ka herpesvirus pili i ka sarcoma o Kaposi (KSHV) i nā ʻano maʻi ʻino like ʻole ma o ka hui pū ʻana o ka latency, ka modulation hōʻailona cell, a me ka mumū mau.
Hōʻike nā haʻawina biology molecular o nā virus DNA ʻaʻole wale nā maʻi kanesa e pili ana i ka virus i ka hopena o ke "aia ʻana o ka virus," akā he pilina paʻakikī ma waena o nā genes viral, ka kaohi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana cell, ka hoʻoponopono DNA, a me nā kaomi koho i loko o ka ʻiʻo i loaʻa i ka maʻi.
ʻO ka ʻākoakoa a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā virion
Ma hope o ka hana hou ʻia ʻana o ka genome a me ka hana ʻia ʻana o nā protein kūkulu, ua hoʻākoakoa ʻia ka virion. Hoʻākoakoa ka nui o nā virus DNA i kahi capsid i loko o ka nucleus, a laila hoʻokomo i ka DNA ma o nā mīkini hoʻopili. ʻO Herpesviruses, no ka laʻana, kūkulu i kā lākou capsids i loko o ka nucleus, a laila loaʻa i kahi envelope ma o kahi kaʻina hana multistep e pili ana i ka membrane nuclear a me nā organelles secretory. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, hoʻokuʻu pinepine ʻia nā virus i hoʻopuni ʻole ʻia e like me adenoviruses ma ke ʻano o ka lysis cell.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke kahua hōʻuluʻulu no ka mea pili ia i nā pilina kikoʻī o ka protein-protein. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā enzymes, ke hoʻomaka nei kēia ʻano hana e ʻimi ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau antiviral hanauna hou.
Nā hopena lapaʻau a me nā biotechnological
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano molekala o nā virus DNA ua alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻenehana like ʻole a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻemi maikaʻi nā lāʻau lapaʻau HPV i hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā ʻāpana like me ka virus i ka nui o nā ʻano maʻi kiʻekiʻe. No nā herpesviruses, nā lāʻau lapaʻau e like me acyclovir e kuhikuhi koho i ka viral DNA polymerase. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hoʻohana ʻia nā Adenoviruses ma ke ʻano he vectors no nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka gene therapy no ka mea hāʻawi pono lākou i ka DNA i loko o nā cell a hiki ke hana ʻia i mea ʻaʻole pathogenic.
I loko o ka hale hana hoʻokolohua, lawelawe pū nā virus DNA ma ke ʻano he "mea hana" no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana kumu o nā cell eukaryotic, mai ka kaohi transcription, splicing, a me ka hana hou ʻana o ka DNA a hiki i nā ala hōʻino a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka DNA. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole wale nā virus i ʻike ʻia he kumu o ka maʻi akā he mau kumu hoʻohālike olaola e kōkua i ka wehe ʻana i nā lula kumu o ke ola cellular.
Pani
ʻO ke ʻano molekala o nā virus DNA ke kahua o ke aʻo ʻana pehea e komo ai nā virus i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka DNA i nā cell, hōʻike i nā genes, hana hou i kā lākou genomes, pale aku i ka ʻōnaehana pale, a laha i nā cell ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke ʻano like ʻole o nā hoʻolālā i hoʻohana ʻia - mai ka hilinaʻi piha ʻana i nā mīkini cellular a hiki i ke kūʻokoʻa ma o kā lākou mau enzymes ponoʻī - hōʻike i ka hiki ke hoʻololi kupaianaha o nā virus. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau ʻanuʻu molekala ʻaʻole wale ia he mea nui no ka kaohi ʻana i nā maʻi akā wehe pū kekahi i nā manawa kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau pale, nā lāʻau antiviral, a me nā ʻenehana biomedical viral vector-based. Me ka noiʻi hou aku, e hoʻomau nā virus DNA i ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi puka makani i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā cell, a me kahi pilikia nui i ke olakino lehulehu o kēia wā.
