Nā ʻenehana Palapala ʻĀina ma ka Archaeology
ʻO ka palapala ʻāina kahua kahi ʻano nui o ka noiʻi archaeological, e hāʻawi ana i kahi ala i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia no ka palapala ʻana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā wahi mōʻaukala a me nā wahi prehistorical. Ua ulu pū nā ʻano hana palapala ʻāina me ka holomua o ka ʻenehana, e hāʻawi ana i nā mea kālaihonua i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e hoʻopaʻa a kālailai i kā lākou mau ʻike me ka pololei a me nā kikoʻī. Ke ʻeli nei kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano hana palapala ʻāina kahua like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia i ka archaeology, e hoʻoikaika ana i ko lākou koʻikoʻi, nā ʻano hana, a me nā noi.
Nā Hana Kuʻuna
ʻO ke kumu o ka palapala ʻāina ʻana o nā wahi archaeological mai nā ʻano hana kuʻuna, a ke hoʻohana mau ʻia nei ka hapa nui o ia mau mea a hiki i kēia lā.
ʻŌnaehana Pūnaewele
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana grid kekahi o nā ʻano kuʻuna maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka palapala ʻāina o nā wahi archaeological. Pili ia i ka māhele ʻana i ke kahua i loko o kahi moʻo o nā huinaha a i ʻole nā grids, i hōʻailona pinepine ʻia e nā stakes a me nā kaula. ʻEli mau ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana grid. Hōʻoia kēia ʻano hana i kahi kaʻina hana ʻeli kikoʻī a hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia, e hiki ai i nā mea kālaihonua ke hoʻopaʻa pono i nā pilina spatial o nā mea hana a me nā hiʻohiʻona.
Nā mea nui:
– Nā ʻano hana maʻamau a hoʻohana nui ʻia.
– Kōkua i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā papahana ʻeli nui.
- Hoʻomaʻalahi i ka palapala pololei o nā wahi o nā mea hana lima.
ʻO ka Trilateration a me ka Triangulation
ʻO ka Trilateration a me ka triangulation nā ʻano hana ana nui i hoʻohana ʻia e ana i nā mamao. I ka trilateration, ana ʻia nā mamao mai nā wahi i ʻike ʻia a i nā wahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo ka triangulation e pili ana i ke ana ʻana i nā kihi e kuhikuhi i nā wahi.
Nā mea nui:
– He mea nui no ka palapala ʻāina hoʻonohonoho pūnaewele pololei.
– Pono nā mea hana ana maʻamau e like me nā lipine, theodolites, a me nā kikowaena holoʻokoʻa.
– Nā hopena i kahi ʻāpana kikoʻī no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona.
Nā ʻenehana mea kani
Ua hoʻolauna ka holomua ʻenehana i nā ʻano hana palapala ʻāina i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka maikaʻi.
ʻO nā keʻena kikowaena
ʻO nā kikowaena āpau he mau mea uila/optical i hoʻohana ʻia no ke ana ʻana a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale. Hoʻohui lākou i kahi mea ana mamao uila (EDM) a me kahi theodolite, e ana ana i nā kihi. Ma ke kau ʻana i ke kikowaena holoʻokoʻa ma nā hoʻonohonoho i ʻike ʻia a me ke ana ʻana i nā mamao a me nā kihi i nā wahi i manaʻo ʻia, hiki i nā mea kālaihonua ke hana i nā palapala ʻāina kikoʻī o ka wahi.
Nā mea nui:
– Pololei loa.
- Kūpono no nā wahi nui a paʻakikī.
- Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā hiʻohiʻona kahua 3D.
GPS (Pūnaewele hoʻonohonoho honua)
Ua hoʻololi ka ʻenehana GPS i ka palapala ʻāina archaeological me kona hiki ke hāʻawi i ka ʻikepili wahi pololei.
Nā Mea Hana GPS Paʻa Lima
He mau mea hana lawe lima a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻohana nā hāmeʻa GPS paʻa lima e hoʻopaʻa ana i nā hoʻonohonoho o nā kiko kikoʻī i loko o ke kahua ʻeli. He kūpono loa lākou no nā ana nui kahi e pono ʻole ai ka pololei a hiki i nā kenimika.
Nā mea nui:
- Hoʻohana maʻalahi.
– Ka hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili wikiwiki.
– Kūpono no ke kaha palapala ʻāina mua a me nā wahi ana nui.
GPS ʻokoʻa (DGPS)
Hoʻomaikaʻi ka DGPS i ka pololei o ka GPS maʻamau ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pūnaewele o nā kikowaena kuhikuhi honua paʻa e hoʻolaha ana i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kūlana paʻa i ʻike ʻia a me nā kūlana i hōʻike ʻia e nā satelite. Hoʻokō kēia ʻano hana i ka pololei o ka pae kenimika.
Nā mea nui:
– ʻOi aku ka pololei ma mua o ka GPS maʻamau.
– Kūpono no ka palapala ʻāina kikoʻī o ka wahi.
– Pono ke komo ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana DGPS.
Nā ʻenehana Geophysical
ʻAe nā ʻano hana geophysical i nā mea kālaihonua e ʻike a palapala i nā hiʻohiʻona o lalo o ka ʻili me ka ʻole o ka ʻeli ʻana.
ʻO ka Radar Kuʻu ʻĀina (GPR)
Hoʻouna ʻo GPR i nā pulse radar i loko o ka lepo a hoʻopaʻa i nā hōʻailona i hōʻike ʻia mai nā hale o lalo o ka honua. Hiki i kēia ʻenehana ke hōʻike i nā mea hana i kanu ʻia, nā hiʻohiʻona, a me ka stratigraphy.
Nā mea nui:
– ʻAʻole komo i loko.
– ʻIke i nā hiʻohiʻona ma lalo o ka ʻili.
– Kūpono no ka ʻike ʻana i nā wahi i kanu ʻia, nā kahua, a me nā hakahaka.
Magnetometry
Ke ana ʻo Magnetometry i nā ʻokoʻa o ke kahua magnetic o ka honua i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā hale a i ʻole nā mea i kanu ʻia. He mea kūpono loa ia i ka ʻike ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona e like me nā kapuahi, nā umu, a me nā mea hana metala hao.
Nā mea nui:
– Ka uhi wikiwiki a me ka nui o ka noiʻi.
– ʻAʻole komo i loko.
- Hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā anomalies magnetic moʻomeheu a me nā kūlohelohe.
Nā ʻenehana ʻike lewa a me ka mamao
Hāʻawi nā ʻenehana ʻike lewa a me nā ʻenehana ʻike mamao i kahi ʻike maka manu o nā wahi archaeological, e kōkua ana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻilikai a me ke ʻano o ka ʻāina.
Ke ki'i ki'i ki'i
ʻO ke kiʻi ʻana o ka lewa e pili ana i ka hopu ʻana i nā kiʻi o ke kahua mai kahi mokulele a i ʻole drone. Hiki i kēia mau kiʻi ke hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka honua i ʻike ʻole ʻia mai ka ʻili, e like me nā māka o nā mea kanu, nā māka lepo, a me nā māka aka e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano hana ma lalo.
Nā mea nui:
- He mea kūpono no nā wahi nui a hiki ʻole ke komo.
– Hiki ke hōʻike i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka pūnaewele a me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻāina.
- Kōkua i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā ana kikoʻī o ka ʻāina.
LiDAR (Ka ʻimi ʻana a me ke ʻano o ka mālamalama)
Hoʻohana ʻo LiDAR i nā pulse laser e hana i nā palapala ʻāina ʻekolu-dimensional kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻāina. Ma ke ana ʻana i ka manawa e hoʻi ai nā pulse laser ma hope o ka paʻi ʻana i ka honua, hana ʻo LiDAR i nā palapala ʻāina topographic kikoʻī.
Nā mea nui:
– ʻIke i ka microtopography ma lalo o nā mea kanu.
– ʻIkepili kiʻekiʻe pololei loa.
– Kūpono no ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona i hūnā ʻia e nā mea kanu mānoanoa.
Kaha Satelite
Hāʻawi nā kiʻi ukali i nā hiʻohiʻona nui a he mea pono ia no ka ʻike ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i nā loli i nā wahi archaeological i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. Hiki i nā kiʻi ukali hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe ke hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona e like me nā alanui kahiko, nā ʻano noho ʻana, a me nā loli o ke kaiapuni.
Nā mea nui:
– Uhi ākea.
- He mea pono no nā wahi paʻakikī ke komo.
- Nānā i nā loli o ka pūnaewele i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa.
Nā ʻōnaehana palapala ʻāina i hoʻohui ʻia
Hoʻohana pinepine ka ʻepekema ʻepekema hou i nā ʻōnaehana i hoʻohui ʻia e hoʻohui i nā ʻano hana palapala ʻāina like ʻole e hoʻoikaika i ka pololei o ka ʻikepili a me ka nānā ʻana.
Nā ʻōnaehana ʻike ʻāina (Geis)
Hoʻohui ʻo GIS i nā ʻano ʻikepili like ʻole, me ka ʻikepili spatial a me nā ʻano, e hana i nā palapala ʻāina piha a hana i ka loiloi spatial. Hiki iā ia ke ʻae i nā mea kālaihonua e hoʻopili i nā ʻikepili like ʻole, e like me nā palapala ʻāina topographic, nā wahi artifact, a me ka ʻikepili kaiapuni.
Nā mea nui:
– ʻAe i ka nānā ʻana i ka spatial multi-layered.
– Hoʻomaʻalahi i ke kumu hoʻohālike wānana.
- Hoʻonui i ka hoʻokele ʻikepili a me ka ʻike maka.
Hoʻohālike 3D
ʻO nā ʻenehana hoʻohālike ʻekolu-dimensional, me ka photogrammetry a me ka laser scanning, e hana i nā hōʻike kikohoʻe kikoʻī o nā wahi archaeological a me nā mea hana lima. Kōkua kēia mau kumu hoʻohālike i ka nānā ʻana, mālama ʻana, a me ka hōʻike ʻana.
Nā mea nui:
– Pololei loa a kikoʻī hoʻi.
– He mea pono no ke kūkulu hou ʻana a me ka wehewehe ʻana ma ka pūnaewele.
- Kōkua i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka mālama ʻana.
Nā Drone a me nā UAV
ʻO nā Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), i ʻike nui ʻia he drones, i lako me nā kāmela a me nā mea ʻike ʻē aʻe, ke hoʻohana nui ʻia nei i nā ana ʻana o nā mea ʻeli honua. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopaʻa wikiwiki a kikoʻī i nā wahi mai nā kiʻekiʻe like ʻole a me nā kihi.
Nā mea nui:
– Ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili wikiwiki.
– Ke kiʻekiʻe maʻalahi no nā ana kikoʻī a ākea.
– Kūpono ke kumukūʻai no ka uhi ʻana i kahi ākea.
Panina
He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ka palapala ʻāina o nā kahua o ka hana archaeological, e hāʻawi ana i ke kahua no ka ʻeli ʻana, ka nānā ʻana, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻoilina moʻomeheu. Loaʻa nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia mai nā ʻōnaehana grid kuʻuna a me ke ana ʻana maʻamau i nā ʻano geophysical holomua a me nā ʻōnaehana kikohoʻe i hoʻohui ʻia. Hāʻawi kēlā me kēia ʻano hana i nā pono kūikawā, a i ka wā e hui pū ʻia ai, hāʻawi lākou i kahi ʻōnaehana paʻa no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kahua archaeological me ka pololei a me ka hohonu i ʻike ʻole ʻia. Ke hoʻomau nei ka holomua o ka ʻenehana, e hoʻomau mau nā mea hana a me nā ʻano hana i loaʻa i nā archaeologists e ulu, e hiki ai ke ʻimi hou aku i ko kākou wā i hala.
