Nā Haʻawina o ka ʻEkehonua i ka ʻEpekema Lapaʻau
ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻāina, ke aʻo ʻana i ka mōʻaukala kanaka a me ka prehistory ma o ka ʻeli ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i nā mea hana, ua pili mau ʻia me ka ʻeli ʻana i nā kikoʻī e pili ana i nā lāhui kahiko, nā hana moʻomeheu, a me nā hanana mōʻaukala. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike nui ʻia no kāna hāʻawi koʻikoʻi i ka ʻepekema lapaʻau. ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻāina a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau e hāʻawi i nā ʻike kūikawā i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi, nā kūlana genetic, a me nā hana lapaʻau kahiko i loaʻa nā hopena no ka mālama ola kino hou. Ke ʻimi nei kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau wahi koʻikoʻi kahi i hoʻonui ai ka noiʻi ʻeli ʻana i ko mākou ʻike i ka ʻepekema lapaʻau.
Paleopathology: Ke Aʻo ʻana i nā Maʻi Kahiko
ʻO kekahi o nā hāʻawi koʻikoʻi a ka ʻepekema ʻepekema i hāʻawi ai i ka ʻepekema lapaʻau ma o ke kahua o ka paleopathology, kahi e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana i nā maʻi kahiko ma ka nānā ʻana i nā koena kanaka a me nā holoholona. Ma ka nānā ʻana i nā koena iwi, hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke ʻike i nā hōʻailona o ka trauma, nā hemahema meaʻai, a me nā maʻi lele. Hāʻawi kēia i ka ʻike waiwai nui e pili ana i ka laha a me ka hopena o nā maʻi i nā heluna kanaka mōʻaukala, e hiki ai iā mākou ke hahai i ka ulu ʻana a me ka laha ʻana o nā pathogens i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ua wehewehe ka noiʻi ʻana i nā iwi kahiko i ka mōʻaukala o ka maʻi puʻupuʻu—he maʻi i hoʻopilikia i ke kanaka no nā tausani makahiki. Ua hōʻoia ka loiloi DNA o nā koena kahiko i ke alo o ka TB i loko o nā mummies ʻAigupita, e hōʻike ana ua laha ka maʻi i ka wā kahiko. Eia kekahi, ua kōkua ka nānā ʻana i nā genomes bacteria i unuhi ʻia mai nā koena kahiko i nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o ka pathogen a me ka hoʻololi ʻana, e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi e hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i nā hoʻolālā lapaʻau o kēia manawa.
ʻO ka DNA kahiko a me nā maʻi genetic
Ua ʻae nā holomua i ka biology molecular i ka unuhi ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i ka DNA kahiko (aDNA) mai nā mea i loaʻa i ka ʻepekema. Ua wehe kēia i nā ala hou no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kumu genetic o nā maʻi a me nā maʻi i nā heluna kanaka kahiko. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka aDNA mai nā kānaka kahiko a me nā kānaka hou, hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke ʻike i nā hoʻololi genetic i hāʻawi paha i ka maʻalahi a i ʻole ke kūʻē ʻana i nā maʻi kikoʻī.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ua hoʻomālamalama ke aʻo ʻana o ka aDNA i ke kumu genetic o ka lactose intolerance. ʻO ke alo a i ʻole ka ʻole o kekahi mau māka genetic i nā heluna kanaka kahiko e hōʻike ana i ka wā a me kahi i ulu ai ka lactose tolerance, e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻike i ka meaʻai a me nā meaʻai e pili ana a hiki i kēia lā.
ʻO kekahi hoʻohana koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kūlana genetic e like me ka anemia. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā koena kahiko e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona o ka cribra orbitalia—kahi kūlana e pili pinepine ana me ka anemia—ua hāʻawi i nā hōʻailona e pili ana i nā kumu genetic a me ke kaiapuni e kōkua ana i kēia maʻi. ʻO kēia, ma ka huli ʻana, kōkua i nā mea noiʻi lapaʻau e hoʻomaopopo i ke kūpaʻa o kēia mau ʻano genetic i nā heluna kanaka o kēia wā.
Nā ʻIke i nā Hana Lapaʻau Kahiko
Ua hāʻawi pū ka ʻepekema ʻeli honua i ka nui o ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hana lapaʻau kahiko ma o ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea hana lapaʻau, nā palapala, a me nā koena anatomical. Hāʻawi kēia mau ʻike i kahi ʻike i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻike lapaʻau a me nā ʻano hana, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea he holomua kupaianaha a ua hoʻohuli i nā hana lapaʻau hou.
ʻO kekahi o nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma kēia ʻano, ʻo ia ka Ebers Papyrus, he palapala lapaʻau kahiko mai ʻAigupita mai i ka makahiki 1550 BCE. Loaʻa i kēia palapala ka ʻike nui e pili ana i nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau, nā kaʻina hana ʻoki kino, a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau no nā maʻi like ʻole, e hāʻawi ana i kahi puka makani i nā hana lapaʻau mua. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka meli no ka mālama ʻeha, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Ebers Papyrus, he hana i hōʻoia ʻia e ka ʻepekema hou no kona mau waiwai antibacterial.
Pēlā nō, ua ʻeli ʻia nā kahua ʻoki kino kahiko ma nā wahi e like me Roma a me Helene i nā mea hana ʻoki kino paʻakikī a me nā hōʻike o nā kaʻina hana paʻakikī, e like me ka trepanation—kahi hana ʻoki kino kahi e wili ʻia ai kahi lua i loko o ke poʻo. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ke ola e pili ana me kekahi o kēia mau kaʻina hana e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻike holomua o nā ʻano hana ʻoki kino a me ka mālama ʻana i ka mea maʻi.
Ke Kuleana o ka ʻAi a me ka Meaʻai
Ua hoʻomālamalama nā noiʻi ʻana o ka ʻeli honua i ka hopena o ka ʻai a me ka meaʻai i ke olakino i nā heluna kanaka kahiko. Ma ka nānā ʻana i nā isotopes i loko o nā koena kanaka, hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke hana hou i nā ʻai kahiko a loiloi i ko lākou mau waiwai meaʻai. Ua hāʻawi kēia i nā ʻike koʻikoʻi i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻai i ke olakino a me nā ʻano maʻi i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina o ke kemika iwi i nā hana ʻai o nā heluna kanaka kahiko like ʻole, e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka hahai holoholona a i nā kaiāulu mahiʻai. ʻO kēia hoʻololi pinepine ka hopena i nā hemahema meaʻai a me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o kekahi mau maʻi, e hāʻawi ana i nā haʻawina i ke olakino lehulehu a me ka meaʻai e pili mau nei i kēia lā.
ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā coprolites—nā ʻōpala fossilized—hāʻawi iā mākou i kahi ʻike pololei o nā meaʻai kahiko a me nā parasites i hoʻopilikia i nā kānaka kahiko, e hoʻomaopopo ana iā mākou e pili ana i ke olakino kanaka i hala a me ka maʻi ecology. Loaʻa i kēia mau ʻike nā hopena no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi e pili ana i ka meaʻai, e like me ka momona a me ka maʻi diabetes, i kēia mau lā.
Nā Maʻi Zoonotic a me nā Pilina Kanaka-Hoholona
Ua hāʻawi pū ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea kālaihonua i nā ʻike koʻikoʻi i nā maʻi zoonotic—nā maʻi i laha mai nā holoholona a i nā kānaka. Ua hahai ke aʻo ʻana i nā koena kanaka a me nā holoholona kahiko i ka mōʻaukala o kēia mau maʻi, e hōʻike ana pehea i hoʻohālikelike ai ka pilina kanaka-holoholona i ka puka ʻana mai a me ka laha ʻana o nā pathogens zoonotic.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ua huli ʻia ke kumu o ke ahulau i nā koena kanaka kahiko, e kōkua ana i nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻomaopopo pehea i ulu ai ka bacteria Yersinia pestis a alakaʻi i nā maʻi ahulau weliweli ma ka mōʻaukala. He hopena kēia no ka nānā ʻana a me ka kaohi ʻana i nā maʻi zoonotic hou, e like me COVID-19, nona nā hiʻohiʻona mōʻaukala.
Nā Haʻawina i ka Lapaʻau Forensic
ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua kōkua ka ʻepekema ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau forensic ma o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻano hana a me nā ʻōnaehana no ka nānā ʻana i nā koena kanaka ma ke ʻano kū kānāwai. ʻO nā ʻenehana i hoʻomohala ʻia i ka ʻepekema ʻana, e like me ka osteology—ke aʻo ʻana i nā iwi—a me ka taphonomy—ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka palaho ʻana o nā meaola—ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā noiʻi forensic e hoʻoholo ai i ka makahiki, ke kāne, a me ke kumu o ka make ʻana o nā koena i ʻike ʻole ʻia.
Ua kōkua nui kēia ʻano hana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hihia kalaima o kēia au a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea i hōʻeha ʻia e nā pōʻino nui. ʻO nā ʻano hana akahele i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea kālaihonua i ka ʻeli ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i nā koena e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana ua mālama ʻia nā hōʻike koʻikoʻi, e kōkua ana i nā loea forensic i kā lākou noiʻi ʻana.
Panina
He nui a he nui nā ʻano o nā haʻawina o ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻepekema lapaʻau. Mai ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi a me nā maʻi genetic a hiki i ka wehe ʻana i nā hana lapaʻau kahiko a me nā ʻano meaʻai, hāʻawi ka ʻeli ʻana i kahi hiʻohiʻona kū hoʻokahi a waiwai nui hoʻi i ke olakino kanaka. Ma o ke aʻo ʻana i nā koena kahiko a me nā mea hana lima, loaʻa iā mākou nā ʻike e hoʻonui ʻole i ko mākou ʻike o ka wā i hala akā he hopena pololei hoʻi no ka noiʻi lapaʻau hou a me ka hana. ʻO ka laulima interdisciplinary ma waena o nā mea ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻepekema a me nā kānaka ʻepekema lapaʻau e hoʻomau nei i kahi palena hoʻohiki no ka ʻike ʻana i nā ala hou e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke olakino a me ke olakino o ke kanaka.
