Ka'idar Tsarin Gine-gine a fannin Ilimin Al'adu na Dan Adam
Pendahuluan
Tsarin tsari hanya ce ta nazariyya wadda ke mai da hankali kan tsarin da ke ƙarƙashin dukkan fannoni na al'adun ɗan adam. Ferdinand de Saussure ne ya fara gabatar da shi a nazarin harsuna, amma daga baya masu tunani kamar Claude Lévi-Strauss suka faɗaɗa shi zuwa fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na al'adu . A cikin mahallin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na al'adu , tsarin tsari yana mai da hankali kan gano da kuma nazarin tsarin da ke ƙarƙashin siffofin al'adu, tsarin ƙima, da halayen ɗan adam.
Asalin Tsarin Mulki da Tasirinsa
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) ana ɗaukarsa uban tsarin tsari, tare da gudummawarsa ga ilimin harsuna ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi kamar harshe da sakin fuska, da kuma ma'ana da ma'ana. Saussure ya jaddada cewa harshe tsarin alamu ne da ke aiki a cikin mahallin zamantakewa. Daga baya masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Faransa Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009), wanda aka sani da uban tsarin tsari a fannin ilimin ɗan adam na al'adu , ya daidaita ra'ayoyin Saussure.
Lévi-Strauss ya gabatar da ka'idar cewa al'ada harshe ne kuma ana iya nazarin abubuwan al'adu kamar yadda harshe yake. Ya yi imanin cewa akwai tsare-tsare na duniya da ke ƙarƙashin dukkan al'adun ɗan adam, kuma ta hanyar nazarin tatsuniyoyi, almara, har ma da tsarin dangi, za mu iya gano waɗannan tsare-tsare.
Manyan Ka'idojin Tsarin Mulki
Akwai manyan ƙa'idodi da dama a cikin tsarin tsarin halitta a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na al'adu :
1. Tsarin Duniya: Tsarin halitta yana jayayya cewa akwai tsarin halitta na asali a cikin dukkan al'adun ɗan adam. Waɗannan tsarin suna da alaƙa da tunani iri ɗaya, kodayake furucinsu na iya bambanta a cikin al'ummomi.
2. Haɗakar 'Yan Adawa Biyu: Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ra'ayoyi a cikin tsarin tsari shine haɗakar 'yan adawa biyu (haɗakar 'yan adawa biyu). Lévi-Strauss da magajinsa sau da yawa suna gano alamu na wannan haɗakar, kamar ra'ayoyin nagarta da mugunta, dumi da sanyi, ko kuma danye da cikakke a cikin tatsuniyoyi da almara.
3. Abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa a matsayin Tsarin Rufewa: Tsarin tsari yana kallon abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa da al'adu a matsayin sassan tsarin rufewa da haɗin kai. Kowane ɓangare na wannan tsarin yana nuna kuma yana hulɗa da sauran sassan bisa ga wasu ƙa'idodi na tsari.
4. Hanyoyin Aiki: Hanyoyin aiki na masu tsara gine-gine galibi suna amfani da hanyoyin aiki irin na zamani kamar dabarun harsuna. Wannan bincike ya ƙunshi rarraba wani abu zuwa sassan sassansa da fahimtar yadda suke hulɗa don samar da tsarin gabaɗaya.
Amfani da Tsarin Halitta a cikin Ilimin Halittar Al'adu
Claude Lévi-Strauss ya kasance jagora a fannin amfani da ka'idar tsarin halitta a fannin ilmin al'adu. Wasu daga cikin ayyukansa mafi tasiri sun hada da "The Elementary Structures of Kinship" (1949) da "Structural Anthropology" (1958). A cikin waɗannan ayyukan, Lévi-Strauss ya nuna yadda za a iya nazarin cibiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban (kamar aure da dangi) ta hanyar tsarin gini.
Lévi-Strauss ya kuma shahara da nazarin tatsuniyoyi. A cikin ayyukan kamar "Mythologiques" (jerin littattafai huɗu da aka buga tsakanin 1964 da 1971), ya nuna cewa labaran tatsuniyoyi daga al'adu daban-daban suna da tsarin tsari iri ɗaya. Misali, ra'ayin biyun biyu da adawa sau da yawa yana bayyana a cikin tatsuniyoyi a matsayin hanyar fahimtar duniya.
Sukar Tsarin Mulki
Duk da tasirinsa mai girma, tsarin ba ya rasa masu sukarsa. Wasu daga cikin manyan sukar da aka yi wa wannan hanyar sune:
1. Ƙaddamar da Ƙaddara: Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar tsarin tsari a matsayin wanda ya fi ƙarfin ƙaddara saboda yana yin watsi da yanayin sauyin zamantakewa da al'adu. Wasu masu suka suna jayayya cewa wannan hanyar ta fi mayar da hankali kan tsare-tsare masu ƙarfi kuma ba ta ba da isasshen kulawa ga ikon gudanarwa da canji ba.
2. Iyakokin da aka yi amfani da su wajen tantancewa: Yawancin sukar da ake yi wa masana ilimin ɗan adam suna fitowa ne daga masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam waɗanda ke jayayya cewa ba dukkan al'adu za a iya yin nazari a kansu ta hanya ɗaya ba. Sun yi imanin cewa tsarin tsarin zai iya sauƙaƙa bambancin al'adun ɗan adam da sarkakiyar da ke tattare da shi.
3. Takaitaccen Bayani: Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar tsarin a cikin tsarin tsari a matsayin abin da ba a iya fahimta ba kuma yana da nisa da rayuwa ta ainihi da kuma abubuwan da mutane ke fuskanta a kowace rana. Ayyukan ɗan adam masu aiki da gaske ba koyaushe suke dacewa da tsarin ka'idar da tsarin tsari ya gabatar ba.
Ka'idar Tsarin Gine-gine Bayan Lévi-Strauss
Bayan zamanin Lévi-Strauss, ka'idar tsarin gine-gine ta ci gaba da bunƙasa kuma masu tunani daban-daban sun daidaita ta. Masana falsafa kamar Roland Barthes da Michel Foucault sun ƙara haɓaka ra'ayoyin tsarin gine-gine kuma sun haɗa su da ka'idar mahimmanci da kuma bayan tsarin gine-gine. Kodayake tsarin tsarin gine-gine na gargajiya ba zai ƙara zama mai rinjaye ba, gadonsa ya kasance a cikin bincike da yawa na zamani waɗanda ke jaddada mahimmancin tsari wajen fahimtar al'adu.
Misali, Roland Barthes ya haɗa ra'ayoyin tsarin mulki a cikin nazarinsa na semiotic game da al'adun jama'a . A halin yanzu, Foucault ya fi mai da hankali kan yadda tsarin iko da ilimi ke tsara batutuwa da ayyukan zamantakewa.
Penutup
Ka'idar masana tsarin gine-gine a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ta ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga yadda muke fahimtar al'adu da al'umma. Wannan hanyar tana ba da kayan aikin nazari masu ƙarfi don gano da warware tsarin da ke ƙarƙashinsu waɗanda ke tsara tunanin ɗan adam da halayensa. Duk da suka da sauye-sauye daban-daban, gadon tsarin gine-gine ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin nazarin al'adu da zamantakewa.
Ta hanyar tsarin tsarin, za mu iya ganin cewa a ƙarƙashin bambancin al'adu akwai siffofi iri ɗaya kuma masu alaƙa. Wannan yana taimaka mana mu fahimci cewa mutane, duk da bambance-bambancen da ke sama, suna da hanyoyi iri ɗaya na tunani da alaƙa a tsarin. Sakamakon haka, wannan ka'ida ta ci gaba da zama muhimmin tsari a cikin nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na zamani.
