Ka'idar Postmodernism a cikin Al'adu Anthropology
Postmodernism wata makaranta ce ta tunani wadda ta yi tasiri sosai kan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na al'adu tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. Ba wai kawai "ka'ida ɗaya ba ce," amma tarin suka da hanyoyin da ke ƙalubalantar tsoffin hanyoyin fahimtar al'adu, ilimi, da ayyukan wakilci. A fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, postmodernism ya fito a matsayin martani ga rinjayen ra'ayoyin zamani - waɗanda suka yi imani da daidaito, ci gaba mai layi, da ikon masana kimiyya na kwatanta gaskiyar zamantakewa ba tare da wani bambanci ba . Ta hanyar postmodernism, an ƙarfafa ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ya zama mai tunani sosai: sanin iyakokin masu bincike, dangantakar iko a samar da ilimi, da kuma muryoyin da aka ware.
Bayani Kan Fitowar Postmodernism
Bayan Zamani ya samo asali ne daga wani faffadan mahallin ilimi a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa, falsafa, da nazarin al'adu. Masu tunani kamar Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Jean-François Lyotard, da Jean Baudrillard galibi ana danganta su da tattaunawa ta bayan zamani. Sun soki ra'ayin "gaskiya ta duniya" kuma sun yi kira da a mai da hankali kan yadda ilimi ke siffanta shi ta hanyar harshe, tattaunawa, cibiyoyi, da iko. A fannin ilimin ɗan adam, sukar bayan zamani ta sami ƙarfi a shekarun 1970 da 1980, lokacin da aka ɗauki al'adar gargajiya ta al'adu da ta fi ƙarfin gwiwa wajen iƙirarin "bayyana al'umma" kamar ana iya kama al'ada ta hanyar da ta dace da kuma kwanciyar hankali.
A zamanin mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan mulkin mallaka, an kuma soki ilimin ɗan adam da cewa "kimiyyar wani ce," wani lokacin tana da alaƙa da muradun iko. Postmodernism yana ƙalubalantar wannan matsayi: wa ke da 'yancin yin magana game da wa? Ta yaya labaran masana kimiyyar ɗan adam ke tsara hoton wasu ƙungiyoyi? Waɗannan tambayoyin suna motsa ilimin ɗan adam daga imani da "bayani mai ma'ana" zuwa sanin cewa ilimin ɗan adam wani nau'i ne na rubutu mai cike da zaɓi, fassara, da kuma siyasar wakilci.
Manyan Manufofin Ra'ayoyin Bayan Zamani a Ilimin Dan Adam
1. Sukar abubuwan da suka shafi metanarratives da kuma duniya baki ɗaya
Ɗaya daga cikin alamomin postmodernism shine shakkunsa game da metanaratives—manyan labaran ci gaba, hankali, ko ci gaban al'umma waɗanda ake ganin sun dace a ko'ina. A fannin ilimin ɗan adam, metanaratives sau da yawa suna bayyana a cikin ka'idojin juyin halitta ko manyan jimloli waɗanda ke sanya al'ummomi daga "na gargajiya" zuwa "na zamani." Postmodernism ya ƙi wannan yanayin kuma ya jaddada cewa al'adu suna da yawa, cike da sabani, kuma ba za a iya sauƙaƙe su zuwa tsarin ci gaba ɗaya ba.
2. Kin amincewa da da'awar cikakken sahihanci
Bayan zamani ba lallai bane ya zama kin amincewa da binciken kimiyya ba, amma yana ƙin yarda da ikirarin cewa masu bincike za su iya zama tsaka-tsaki gaba ɗaya. A fannin ilimin ƙabilanci, zaɓin batu, hanyar yin tambayoyi, alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu ba da labari, har ma da salon rubutu zai yi tasiri ga "sakamakon" binciken. Saboda haka, tunani mai zurfi yana da mahimmanci: masana ilimin ɗan adam sun bayyana matsayinsu (bayan zamantakewa, dabi'u, abubuwan da suka shafi ilimi) da kuma yadda wannan matsayi ke shafar bayanai da fassarar.
3. Kula da harshe, rubutu, da wakilci
Postmodernism yana ƙarfafa karanta ilimin ƙabilanci a matsayin rubutu. Wannan yana nufin cewa ayyukan ƙabilanci ba wai kawai ana fahimtar su a matsayin rahotannin gaskiya ba, amma a matsayin labarai masu tsari, maganganu, da dabarun shawo kan mutane. Masana ilimin ƙabilanci na Postmodern suna tambaya: ta yaya ake gina "halaye" a cikin ilimin ƙabilanci? Wanene aka ba shi murya, wa aka yi shiru? Ta yaya zaɓin kalmomi ke tsara ra'ayoyin da ake nazarin ƙungiyar? Wannan hanyar tana buɗe sarari don sukar ra'ayoyi marasa tushe, ban mamaki, da sauƙi.
4. Ra'ayoyi da yawa da kuma rubutun kalmomi
Maimakon murya ɗaya tilo da ta mamaye ilimin ɗan adam, postmodernism yana ba da shawarar yin amfani da salon magana da ya fi kama da na al'ada: gabatar da muryoyi da yawa, gami da dogon ambato daga masu ba da labari, tattaunawa, ko labarai waɗanda ke bayyana bambance-bambancen ra'ayi a cikin al'umma. Ba a ganin al'ada a matsayin tsari ɗaya ba, amma a matsayin fagen tattaunawa kan ma'ana, rikici, da bambance-bambancen aji, jinsi, shekaru, addini, ko ƙabila.
5. Samar da iko da ilimi
An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Foucault, postmodernism yana jaddada alaƙar ilimi da iko. Ilimin ɗan adam ba ya tsaka-tsaki daga dangantakar iko: cibiyoyin ilimi, kuɗaɗen bincike, manufofin jihohi, da tsarin duniya na iya yin tasiri ga jigogin bincike da kuma yadda ake zana ƙarshe. Saboda haka, hanyoyin postmodern galibi suna haɗuwa da sukar bayan mulkin mallaka, ra'ayin mata, da nazarin da ba na altern ba, waɗanda ke neman haskaka ƙungiyoyin da labarai masu rinjaye suka wahalta.
"Rikicin Wakilci" da Canjin Ayyukan Al'adu
A fannin ilimin ɗan adam, ana danganta postmodernism da abin da ake kira rikicin wakilci. Wannan rikicin yana nuna fahimtar cewa ilimin ɗan adam ba "madubi" bane wanda ke nuna gaskiya kamar yadda take, amma gini ne. Ayyukan da aka tattauna sosai a cikin wannan muhawara sun haɗa da littafin tarihin "Rubutu Al'adu" (1986), wanda ke nuna fannoni na magana da siyasa na rubutun ɗan adam.
Sakamakon haka, sauye-sauye da dama a ayyukan bincike sun fi bayyana: na farko, masana ilimin ɗan adam suna rubutu a fili game da tsarin filin—rikice-rikice, rikice-rikice, gazawa, da matsalolin ɗabi'a. Na biyu, akwai gwaji tare da salon rubutu: amfani da labaran mutum na farko, bayar da labarai tare, ko haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan (misali, kasidu, tarihin rayuwa, da nazarin ilimi). Na uku, akwai turawa zuwa ga bincike tare, inda al'ummomin da ake nazari a kansu ke shiga cikin tsara tambayoyi, fassara su, har ma da rubuta sakamakon.
Gudummawar Postmodernism ga Nazarin Al'adu
Tsarin zamani (postmodernism) yana ba da gudummawa mai yawa ta hanyar wargaza yankin jin daɗin ɗabi'a. Yana tunatar da ilimin ɗan adam kada ya faɗa cikin tarkon da'awar gaskiya ɗaya ko hoton al'ada da aka tabbatar. Ta hanyar jaddada yawan jama'a da mahallin, tsarin zamani (postmodernism) yana taimaka wa ilimin ɗan adam ya zama mai saurin amsawa ga saurin canjin zamantakewa, asalin haɗin gwiwa, ƙaura, duniya baki ɗaya, da kuma yanayin kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin duniyar da ke ƙara haɗuwa, ba za a iya tsara al'ada a matsayin al'ada mai ɗorewa ta gida ba; maimakon haka, sau da yawa ana tsara shi ta hanyar haɗuwa, musayar ra'ayoyi, har ma da rikice-rikice tsakanin tattaunawa.
Bugu da ƙari, bayan zamani yana ƙarfafa ɗabi'ar bincike mai zurfi da sanin iko. Ana tunatar da masana ilimin ɗan adam su tambayi kansu: shin wannan binciken yana amfanar waɗanda ake bincike? Menene tasirin idan aka buga wasu labaran? Don haka ana ƙarfafa masana ilimin ɗan adam su kasance masu ɗaukar nauyi, a fannin tsari da kuma a ɗabi'a.
Sukar Postmodernism
Duk da tasirinsa, tsarin zamani na zamani ya jawo suka. Babban sukar da ake yi masa ita ce yadda yake kallon ra'ayin da ya shafi dangantaka mai tsanani: idan duk gaskiya an dauke ta a matsayin gini, shin har yanzu yana yiwuwa a bambance tsakanin bincike mai ƙarfi da mara ƙarfi? Wasu masu suka suna jayayya cewa tsarin zamani na zamani ya fi mai da hankali kan rubutu da harshe, yana yin watsi da abubuwan da suka shafi zahiri kamar talauci, tashin hankali, aiki, ko rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki. Akwai kuma damuwa cewa yawan tunani yana sa nazarin al'adu ya zama "game da mai bincike" maimakon game da al'ummar da ake nazari a kai.
A aikace, masana ilimin ɗan adam da yawa sun ɗauki matsaya ta tsakiya: suna rungumar darussa na postmodern game da tunani mai zurfi da kuma ikon wakilci, amma har yanzu suna ƙoƙarin yin nazari mai zurfi kan al'amuran zamantakewa na zahiri.
Penutup
Ka'idar postmodernist a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na al'adu wani motsi ne mai mahimmanci wanda ya canza yadda masana kimiyyar ɗan adam ke kallon al'adu da rubuta tarihin ɗan adam. Yana ƙin yarda da ra'ayin duniya mai sauƙi, yana ƙalubalantar da'awar cikakken daidaito, kuma yana buƙatar kulawa ga harshe, wakilci, da alaƙar iko a cikin samar da ilimi. Postmodernism kuma yana ƙarfafa nazarin al'adun gargajiya mai zurfi, yana samar da sarari ga muryoyi daban-daban a cikin al'umma.
Ko da yake ba tare da sukarsa ba - musamman game da ra'ayin ɗan adam da kuma yadda ake yawan rubutu - postmodernism ya bar wani muhimmin tarihi: ilimin ɗan adam wanda ya fi sanin kansa, ya fi ɗabi'a, kuma ya fi dacewa da sarkakiyar duniyar al'adu. A cikin mahallin al'ummar zamani a cikin cikakken iko, hanyar postmodern tana taimaka wa ilimin ɗan adam ci gaba da tambayar yadda muke fahimtar "ɗayan" kuma, a lokaci guda, fahimtar kanmu a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin ilimi.
